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APES Laws + Treaties

Laws and Legislation Review for AP Environmental Science

TermDefinition
The Mining Law of 1872 A law passed by Congress to allow the mining of silver, copper, gold ore, and fuels (natural gas and oil) on federal lands - meant to encourage development/settlement, so few environmental regulations. The first piece of mining legislation in the USA
The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 An act that regulates the surface mining of coal and the surface effects of subsurface coal mining. The most recent piece of mining legislation in the USA
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) A 1969 U.S. federal act that mandates an environmental assessment of all projects involving federal money or federal permits - requires developers to provide an environmental impact statement and sometimes an environmental mitigation plan
The Clean Water Act Supports the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, wildlife, and recreation, by maintaining/restoring chemical, physical, and biological properties or natural waters - also defines acceptable amounts of pollution
The Safe Drinking Water Act Sets the national standards for safe drinking water and establishes maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for 77 elements in surface and groundwater
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or the Superfund act) Taxes the chemical and petroleum industries and uses the revenue to clean up abandoned hazardous waste sites when a responsible party cannot be found and requires the federal government to respond directly to the release of threatening substances
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Designed to reduce or eliminate hazardous waste (cradle-to-grave tracking) - the EPA maintains a list of hazardous waste and works with businesses and state/local authorities to minimize its generation and track it until proper disposal
The Lacey Act One of the earliest U.S. laws to control the trade of wildlife (passed in 1900), prohibits the transport of illegally harvested plants and animals across state lines
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Developed in 1973, controls the international trade of threatened plants and animals, now agreed upon by 175 countries
The Marine Mammals Protection Act Prohibits the killing of all marine mammals in the U.S. and prohibits import and export of marine mammal body parts
The Endangered Species Act Implements the CITES agreement, authorizes the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to determine which species can be listed as threatened/endangered and prohibits harm, authorizes the government to purchase land critical to conservation of these species
The Clean Air Act Identifies six pollutants that significantly harm human well-being/ecosystems/structures (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, tropospheric ozone, and lead) + requires the EPA to establish maximum allowable concentrations
The Montreal Protocol An international agreement to reduce production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (particularly CFCs, which would be reduced by 50% by 2000)
The Kyoto Protocol An agreement made in 1997 saying emissions of greenhouse gases from all industrialized countries would be reduced to 5.2 percent below their 1990 levels by 2012 (it varied for each country - 7% for the US, 8% for the EU, 0% for Russia)
The Stockholm Convention Produced a list of 12 chemicals to be banned, phased out, or reduced - the "dirty dozen" included DDT, PCBs, and other endocrine disruptors
The Convention on Biological Diversity A 1992 international treaty meant to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and share the benefits that result from the commercial use of genetic resources, such as pharmaceutical drugs
Created by: emilyjane1221
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