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Pharm - Ch 10-11-12
Intro to Pharm - Chap 10, 11, 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pharmacology | broad term that includes the study of drugs and their actions in the body |
| Pharmacy | art of preparing, compounding, and dispensing drugs for medicinal use |
| Toxicology | science that deals with poisons - their detection and the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions caused by them |
| Biotechnology | field of pharmacology that involves using living cells, usually altered cultures of Escherichia coli (E. coli), to manufacture drugs |
| Drug | any substance used as medicine Example: used to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease |
| Drug - Chemical Substances | agents that may be made synthetically(asprin) |
| Drug - Plant parts or products | crude drugs that may be obtained from any part of various plants and used medicianally; leave, bark, fruit, roots, rhizomes, resin, and other parts may be used(opium) |
| Drug - Animal products | primarily glandular products that are currently obtained from animal sources(thyroid hormone, insulin) |
| Drug - Certain food substances | substances that under some conditions serve both as foods and as medicinal substances(vitamins) |
| Additive effect | combined effect of two drugs that is equal to the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone |
| Adverse or untoward effect | action, usually negative, that is different from the planned effect |
| Allergic reaction | untoward reaction that develops after the individual has taken a drug |
| Analog | chemical compound that resembles another in structure but has different effects |
| Antagonism | combined effect of two drugs that is less than the effect of either drug taken alone |
| Biosynthesis | formation of a chemical compound by enzymes, either within an organism (in vivo) or in vitro by fragments of cells |
| Depression | decrease in activity of cells caused by the action of a drug |
| Diagnostic | pertaining to the art or act of determining the nature of a patient's disease |
| Idiosyncrasy | abnormal sensitivity to a drug, or a reaction not intended |
| Palliative | agent or measure that relieves symptoms |
| Potentiation | effect that occurs when a drug increases or prolongs the action of another drug; the total effect being greater than the sum of the effects of each used alone |
| Prophylatic | agent or measure used to prevent disease |
| Side effect | unpredictable effect that is not realted tothe main action of the drug |
| Stimulation | increase in the activity of cells produced by drugs |
| Synergism | joint action of agents in which their combined effect is more intense or longer in duration than the sum of their individual effects |
| Therapeutic | pertaining to treatment of disease |
| Tolerance | increasing resistance to the usual effects of an established dosage of a drug as a result of continued use |
| Explain - Additive Effect | Goal: Relieve pain_____ Med 1: Ultram (analgesic) + Med 2: Motrin (anti-inflammatory) = both drugs work in unison for pain relief without working against one another |
| Explain - Synergism | Demerol_+_Phenergan____= Increased narcotic effect of Demerol with out administering additional doseage |
| Schedule__I | 1. High potential for abuse___2. No current accepted medical use___3. Lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision |
| Schedule__I drugs primarily consist of ________ | Illegal drugs |
| Schedule__II | 1. High potential for abuse___2. Currently accepted medical use in treatment in the U.S.__OR__currently accepted use with severe restrictions |
| Schedule__III | 1. Potential for abuse less than drugs on Schedule I / II___2. Currently has accepted medical use in the U.S.___3. Abuse may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence |
| Schedule__IV | 1. Low potential for abuse relative to drugs listed on Schedule III___2. Currently accepted medical use in the U.S.___3. May lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs on Schedule III |
| Scheule__V | 1. Low potential for abuse relative to drugs on Schedule IV___2. Currently accepted medical use in the U.S.___3. Abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs on Schedule IV |
| Aerosols | active pharmaceutical agents in pressurized container |
| Capules | powdered drugs with a gelatin container___liquids may be placed in gelatin capules |
| Elixirs | solutions containing alcohol, sugar, AND water__may or may not be aromatic and may or may not have active medicinals__most often used as flavoring agents or solvents |
| Fluid extracts | alcholic liquid extracts of a drug made by percolation so the 1 mL of the fluid extract contains 1 mg of the drug___Only vegetable-based drugs are used |
| Gels | aqueous suspensions of insoluble drugs in hydraed form |
| Liniments | mixtures of drugs with oil, soap, water, or alcohol, inteded for external application with rubbing |
| Long-acting / Sustained-release dosage forms | active pharmaceutical agents that are either layered in tablet form for release over several hours or placed in pellets within a capsule___Pellets are of varying size and disintergrate over a period of 8-24 hours___Must NOT be broken or |
| Lotions | aqueous preparations containing suspended materials intended for soothing___locally applied___Most are patted on rather than rubbed |
| Ointments | mixtures of drugs with a fatty base of external application, usually by rubbing |
| Pills | single-dose units made by mixing the powdered drug with a liquid, such as syrup, and rolling it into a round or oval shape___largely replaced by other dosage forms today |
| Powders | single-dose quantities of a drug or mixture of drugs in powdered from wrapped separately in powder papers |
| Solutions | aqueous liquid preparations containing one or more substances completely dissolved |
| What is a solution | Every solution has 2 parts___1.Solute (dissolved substance) and 2.Solvent (substance, usually a liquid, in which solute is dissolved) |
| Spirits | alcoholic solution of volatile substances___also know as essences |
| Suppositories | mixtures of drugs with some firm base such as cocoa butter, which can then be molded into shape for insertion into body orifice____rectal, vaginal, or urethral |
| Syrups | aqueous solutions of a sugar___may or may not have medicinal purpose |
| Tablets | single-dose units made by compressing powdered drugs in suitable mold |
| Tablet Forms | sublingual--held under tongue until disolved___enteric coated--prevents abosorption until they reach intestinal tract |
| Tinctures | alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from drugs |
| Troches OR Lozenges | flat, round, or rectanular preparations that are held in the mouth until disolved |
Created by:
lpn2010
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