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Geology Final
All the information thus far on flash cards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What Orogenies created the Appalachian mountains? | Taconic Orogeny ~440 mya Island arc hits (Ordivician) Accadian Orogeny ~380 mya - Continental bit hits Alleghanian/Appalachian Orogeny ~300 mya - Africa hits |
| What are the east coast rifting events? | -1.0 GA Rodinia supercontinent -Breaks up (drifts apart) -20 ma, Taconic, bit hit Island Arc and hits East Coast -Utica Shale= Foreland Basin -Apprx. 350 Ma – Acadian -Bit hit |
| What is the Wilson cycle? | Continents come together and break apart. |
| When did the Rocky Mountains form? | 145 million-55 million years ago |
| How did the Rocky Mountains form? | Number of plates started to slide under the North American plate Shallow subduction angle caused a broad belt of mountains |
| Know how CO2 varies and relates to climate and how CO2 levels are changed (by both life and tectonics) | More CO2= warmer climate Carbon isotope record shows us when we have life or when there was a mass extinction event Lighter carbon isotope ratio means more life Mass release of CO2 means a mass extinction More CO2 is created by volcanic activity |
| Know how Oxygen isotopes are used. | The atmosphere picks up the O16 because they are lighter than O18. When water evaporates, O16 evaporates and falls to the Earth in rain. Glacier can hold O16 if it is cold, so the ratio of O16 to O18 in the ocean increases. Higher the ratio, the more ice. |
| What goes first on to land (plants or animals?) why? | Plants, because of the instability in rise and fall of sea level. Plants because animals needed oxygen and shade to survive. |
| What conditions are best for moving onto land? | Moist, Humid |
| How would the limbs be attached originally? | Limbs were originally fins, eventually became limbs |
| What is the bone structure of tetrapod fish that we have now (one, two, many bones)? | many bones |
| How far could they originally move from the water? | Not very far. They could not move far because they needed to go back to the water to lay eggs and needed water for oxygen. |
| Where did they lay their eggs? | In water |
| What were the restrictions on the early tetrapods->amphibians with regard to climate? | Needs to be near water and warm, amphibians need water to survive and can’t regulate body heat. |
| How do we know that tetrapod fish (lobe-finned fish) were related to amphibians? | 1, 2, many bone pattern Bones of skull Complex structure of teeth |
| We have a lot of fish/tetrapod fossils from the Devonian in West Virginia---what tectonic event made this a good place for tetrapods to evolve and get preserved? | Acadian Orogeny |
| Why did the Appalachian orogeny produce coal and not oil shales? | Because with the rise of sea level the trees were buried, which eventually lead to swamps and formation of coal |
| What climate conditions were dominant at the carboniferous time? | It was cooler |
| When were the first conifers? How do conifers spread? | Carboniferous period. 300 mya agoFirst plants whose pollen was spread by wind not water |
| What advantages do reptiles have over amphibians? | Don’t need water for eggs, can thermoregulate better, better skin for dry environment, improved hearing |
| Why wouldn’t they have immediately dominated? | Climate was cold? |
| What is going on tectonically at the end of the Permian? | Large amounts of continental collisions creating Pangea |
| Sea level at the end of the Permian is rising or falling? | Falling? |
| How would this affect ocean circulation? | Currents begin to slow |
| What event then occurs ON TOP of this gradual extinction? | Siberian Trap flood basalts |
| How do the Siberian traps alter climate? | Puts large amounts of CO2 in atmosphere, also ash clouds block sun. Climate instability. |
| How do they alter the chemistry of the oceans/rain? | Build-up of CO2 in deep water Acidic oceans |
| What happens after the P-T extinction event? | 95% of marine life dead, reptiles live on |
| Who survives? | Reptiles and mammals |
| What form of reptile begins to dominate now? | dinosaurs |
| How heavy are their bones? | Hollow, light |
| What is happening to Pangea? | Its breaking apart |
| What do teeth tell us about how dinosaurs ate? | Large canines shows that a dinosaur was a carnivore, cuspids and molars show that they were an herbivore. |
| Why is the development of gymnosperms (flowering plants) so important? | Contain seeds that don’t have a hard shell and are easier to eat. |
| What are the lines of evidence that birds are actually dinosaur descendants? | Similar hip structure- lizard hipped |
| What line of dinosaurs do they come from? | bird -hipped dinosaurs, Ornithischian |
| What kills off the dinosaurs? | Asteroid causing a major explosion and thick clouds to kick up over the earth. |
| What is the evidence? | Shocked quartz spread out over the globe |
| Who lives through the extinction event? | Animals deep underwater, small animals. |
| Why is it important that the asteroid hit near the equator? | The dust clouds were able to spread over the whole planet |
| What would have happened if it hit near the poles? | The damage would have stayed within one hemisphere |
| Why are primate’s eyes forward? | To create depth perception to swing from trees. |
| Who normally has forward facing eyes? | Predators |
| Why could this be significant when thinking about being upright? | More efficient way to run |
| Why do apes begin to walk upright? | Climate becomes arid and walking becomes necessary because food is scarce |
| What advantages does walking upright have? | Spends less energy than on all fours that can be dedicated to expanding the brain. |
| Where is everyone descended from? | A single female in Africa |
| Why did our canines get smaller? | We are not shredding as much, we use tools and are omnivores instead of carnivores |
| Why is the addition of meat to the diet important? | Allows for a bigger brain |
| How do large brains affect what we eat? | Large brains cause more diverse diets to supplement the energy needed |
| Why do large muscles lead to hair-loss? | Muscles have ability to keep things warm, no need for hair any more. |
| Why do the modern humans survive the 45,000 ybp climate event and Neanderthals don’t? | We have more babies and live longer |
Created by:
basedkon
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