Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Surface Waters
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Marine Waters | 96.5% of Earth's water; 1.351 billion km of global water supply |
| Seawater | Average salinity: 35ppt (35 g/kg); varies slightly depending on pressure, temperature and location |
| Frozen Occurences | Ice Caps Ice Sheets Polar Ice Caps Glaciers Permafrost Snow & Sleet |
| Frozen Waters | 1.74% of water on Earth is currently in the solid state, which accounts for 69.5% of all fresh water resources on Earth (freeing water pushes out any salt) |
| Stored Water | The amount of water stored in the solid state has changed drastically over geologic time: Pleistocene Glacial Maxima Snowball Earth Cretaceous epicontinental flooding |
| Surficial Ice Deposits | Ice Caps, Ice Sheets, Polar Ice Caps and Glaciers |
| Ice Caps | Cover an area <50,000km |
| Ice Sheets | Cover an area >50,000km |
| Polar Ice Caps | No size limitation, but must be located at very high latitudes |
| Glaciers | Large, slow-moving mass of ice |
| Permafrost | (Subsurface Ice Deposits) soil that remains below the freezing point for more than two years, where water remains in a solid state; persists in high latitude regions |
| Surface Waters | Lakes, Soil, Marshes, Rivers, Plants, Animals; 0.01% of total water - available for use; 0.4% of fresh water sources |
| Runoff | Overland Flow Streams Rivers Lakes Deltas |
| Evaporation | Change from liquid to gas phase of water as a result of heating (sublimation: solid to gaseous phase) |
| Transpiration | The evaporation of water via plants the exposed aerially (10% of atmospheric water vapor) |
| Precipitation | The condensation of water vapor into a liquid (rain) or solid state (snow/hail) |
| Water Residence Time | How long water stays in a certain reservoir or system |
| Biospheric | 1 week |
| Atmospheric | 1-5 weeks |
| River | 2 weeks |
| Streams | 1-10 years |
| Lakes | 10 years |
| Soil | 2 weeks |
| Ice Caps/Glaciers | 1000 years |
| Oceans/Seas | 4000 years |
| Groundwater | 2 weeks-10,000 years |
| Running Water | Water flows down gradient in response to gravity; water attempts to reach the lowest energy state possible |
| Potential Energy | Of the water is related to the elevation at which the water occurs |
| Kinetic Energy | Of the water is related to the motion of the water |
| Sheet Flow | Water flows down gradient over flat gentle slopes; water flow forms a continuous film across land surface |
| Channel Flow | Water flow is a confined to a linear trough-like depressions Includes: Rills, Gullies, Brooks, Creeks, Streams, Rivers Classification is based on size and is subjection |
| Fluid Flow | Flow behavior depends on the amount of energy in the system; if the infiltration rate into the ground is exceeded by precipitation rate, then surface flow will occur |
| Laminar Flow | Flow is constant in one direction; little or no mixing of fluid as it is transported down gradient; parallel line flow of path |
| Turbulent Flow | Complex flow paths such that water can be moving in any direction at any instant in time, but as a whole fluid move down gradient; extensive mixing of fluid; Inter |
| Turbulence | Created through the irregularities in the channel or bed and the velocity of the water |
| Gradient | Slope of the channel bed as drop in elevation over a given distance; change in vertical distance/horizontal distance; generally steeper in upstream direction than in downstream direction; higher the gradient the greater the potential energy in the system |
| Velocity | Speed at which fluid is moving; V= distance travelled/time required to travel; Varies across channel width and depth due to resistance (friction) b/w fluid walls/bed |
| Velocity Increases | Due to fluid acceleration, channel shape/composition, and the joining of multiple channels, thus increasing total volume of fluid |
| Discharge | Volume of fluid to be transported; D=V of fluid X the cross sectional area of the fluid in the channel; Increases down gradient as multiple channels converge |
| Dissolved Load | Solution of rock and transport of ions |
| Bed Load | (Solid load) Larger material is transported by traction and saltation |
| Suspended Load | (Solid load) Small material "float" during transport |
| Abrasion | (Solid load) Weathering occurs through the physical impact of solid load with the channel walls and floor |
| Hydraulic Abrasion | (Solid load) Physical weathering due to friction between fluid and rock |
| Overland Flow | Flow produced when the ground becomes saturated or when the rate of rainfall exceed infiltration rates |
| Overland Flow Commonly Occurs: | Arid Regions, Urban areas, Deforested Regions |
| Braided Channels | Intricate network of sand/gravel bars and channels |
| Bars | Deposited primarily as bed-load; deposited during intense flow, but divide channel during normal flow |
| Braided Channels Occur: | In regions where sediment supply exceeds transport capacity; Common in arid, semiarid and arctic regions |
| Meandering Channels | Single channels that broadly curve along their flow path |
| Cut Banks | Regions of faster water flow on outer edge of meanders where erosion dominates |
| Point Bars | Regions of slower water flow on inner edge of meanders where deposition dominates |
| Oxbow Lakes | Abandoned meanders that were cut off from main channel |
| Floodplain Deposits | Sedimentation that occurs when the fluid capacity of the channel is exceed, primarily during floods |
| Fluid | Velocity decreases as it exceeds channel capacity; spreads out and drops its solid load as velocity decreases |
| Natural levees | Form at edge of channel where coarse grained sediments drop out as velocity decreases rapidly |
| Deltas | Form as channels reach large bodies of water, primarily oceans; sediments are deposited as fluid velocity of decreases |
| Progradation | Occurs as sediments build outward through distributary channels |
| Delta Types: | Stream Dominated Wave Dominated Tide Dominated |
| Alluvial Fans | Similar features to deltas that develop on land that primarily form in arid regions |
| Alluvial Fan Channel Flow | Channelized flow in high gradient regions rapidly spreads out and decrease velocity as mountain slopes decrease |
| Alluvial Fan Deposits | Deposits are usually loose and unstable because of limited vegetation |
| Drainage Systems | Region of land over which surface waters drain to a central point during a precipitation event |
| Drainage Basins | Divides (topographic highs) divide drainage basins; range in size from local regions to entire continents |
| Drainage Patters | Dendritic Rectangular Trellis Radial Deranged |
| Base Level | The lowest level to which any channel can erode; control the erosion and deposition by changing hydrologic gradient |
| Ultimate Base level | Sea level; Ultimate base levels shifts with changes in sea level |
| Basel Level Shifting | Can shift as: Resistant beds are breached Sedimentation occurs Subsidence Changes in ultimate base levels |
| Graded Profiles | Develop as gradient is smoothed over time |
| Sea Level Lowstand | Rivers cut down through the rock to reach the new, lower base level, creating incised valleys |
| Sea Level Highstand | Rivers fill up the valleys with sediment and try to reach the new, higher base level, creating flat floodplains |
| Base level rise and fall | Results in a complex sequence of sediments being deposited on the continental shelf and in fluvial systems |
| Radial (Early) Stage | Downcutting occurs when the stream has excess energy. Deep, narrow, v-shaped valleys form |
| Intermediate Stage | Lateral erosion widens valleys often with the assistance of mass wasting; Headward erosion extends valley length and often capture channels (stream piracy); valley broaden |
| Aerial Flooding | When more water is supplied than can either run off or infiltrate into the ground in areas not connected to a stream channel; Caused by: Shallow water tables Intense rain or snow melt Impermeable Surfaces |
| Riverine (channel) flooding | When more water is supplied than the river can hold; when a river overtakes its banks; Caused by: Excess rain upstream Stream blockage downstream Excess precipitation and intense runoff |
| Flash floods | Rapid flooding of of low lying areas over less than 6 hours |
| Controlling floods | Artificial impoundments are often constructed to prevent flooding: Levees, Dams, Floodways, floodwalls, reforestation |
| Advanced (Late) Stage | Meander streams develop with well-developed stream terraces |
Created by:
FaithRaquel2015
Popular Science sets