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EnviroScn Chp15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How are oil sands extracted? | By strip mining |
| Which energy source is the most abundant fossil fuel? | Coal |
| Today’s Energy: > ____ % from nonrenewable resources – | 80 |
| What are the two nonrenewable resources | fossil fuels & nuclear |
| As global consumption of fossil fuels continues to rise …so do | CO2 emissions |
| Fossil fuels are rich in __________________, | hydrocarbons |
| Fossil fuels are high in _________ energy – combustion releases much heat energy | potential |
| Originated from partially decomposed organisms that lived _______________ | million years ago (mya) |
| Instead of decomposing and immediately returning C(arbon) to atmosphere, _____________________________ | C(arbon) stored in underground FF reservoir |
| Fossil fuels form over _________ years. | millions of years |
| Fossil fuels form due to _____________ and ___________ | high heat and pressure |
| ______________ – an identified deposit (of mineral or fossil fuel) and is ___________ to extract | Reserve / profitable |
| ___________________________ due to use, price fluctuations, advances in tech, discoveries | Amount changes |
| ___________= energy returned – energy invested | Net energy |
| _____________=energy returned / energy invested | EROI |
| US has < _____ % oil reserves, but consumes > _____% of world’s oil | 3 / 20 |
| US heavily dependent on ______________ foreign oil | cheaper |
| After extracted, _______________________ 100s differnt hydrocarbons in crude oil separated by dif boiling points | crude oil is refined |
| Most oil refined into __________________ | transportation fuel |
| World is nearing __________– point of max oil production | peak oil production |
| ___________________ expected afterwards; as demand continues to rise, shortages and higher prices will hurt global economy | Energy Crisis |
| What are some nonrenewable substitutes for crude oil | Oil shales and oil (tar) sands |
| What has large potential supply, but low EROI | kerogen or bitumen converted into ‘synthetic’ oil |
| Enviro impacts of tar sands: •_________________ causes extensive land disturbance •_______________ use and pollution | Surface mining and Heavy water |
| What is the cleanest-burning fossil fuel? | Natural gas |
| One of the problems with natural gas is that METHANE ______ from wells. | leaks |
| _____________________ uses much water and may pollute groundwater | Hydraulic fracturing |
| Coal is the most ___________ fossil fuel | abundant |
| What are the 3 grades of coal (_______________________________) | anthracite, bituminous, lignite |
| Coal mainly used to __________________________ | generate electricity at power plants |
| Enviro impacts of coal ____________ –Surface = greater land disturbance –Subsurface = greater occupational hazard | mining |
| ___________________ as S in exposed rock reacts w/ O2 and H20; acid leaches metals | Acid mine drainage |
| Coal is the ____________ fossil fuel to burn | dirtiest |
| ‘____________’ technologies was prompted by Clean Air Act | clean coal |
| Clean coal technologies have significantly reduced ________and ______ emissions | soot and sulfur |
| Energy released from controlled, sustained ________ – splitting of a heavy unstable atom | fission |
| Compared to chemical rxns, nuclear rxns ___________________ | much more Energy |
| Most nuke power plants use ___ as fuel source | uranium |
| ______________ uses energy to inc conc. of U-235 | Enrichment |
| __________________ (radioactive isotopes) release radiation as they decay | Fission products |
| Most radioactive waste is from ________________. | spent fuel |
| When a radioactive atom decays, it becomes a dif atom and emits ______________ radiation. | ionizing |
| Each radioactive isotope has a fixed __________: time takes for it for ½ atoms of radioactive isotope to decay | half-life |
| Hi-level radioactive waste (spent fuel rods) temporarily stored at ____________________ | power plants |
| Growth of nuclear power has _________ | decreased |
| Nuclear power plants have slowed being built due to high construction and decommissioning _______; heavily ____________ | costs / subsidized |
| Why should we conserve energy? | Saves money, Reduces pollution and other environmental impacts , Prolongs nonrenewable energy supplies, Buys time to phase in renewable energy |
| In transportation one way to increase fuel efficiency –raise ______________ standards | CAFE |
| __________________: producing 2 useful forms of energy from the _______________ | Cogeneration / same fuel source |
| Combined Heat and Power: heat is used (not ____________) as electricity is produced | wasted |
| _______________: initial cost plus lifetime operating costs; lower for energy efficient products | Life cycle cost |
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Hier snipe
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