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Immuno System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What type of mechanism does the lymphatic system play a role in? | Overflow |
| What is the structure of the lymphatic vessels? | They are thing-walled, single layer endothelial cells that have valves |
| What is lymph? | Lymph is a clear, colorless fluid with a low amount of protein, no red blood cells, and contains lymphocytes |
| what aides in the return of lymph? | Valves Skeletal pump respiratory pump |
| all lymph drains into where? | the vessels merge into two large vessels that drain in the base of the neck |
| what type of gland/node does a lymph vessel have? | A lymph node or lymph gland |
| what is a lymph node/gland? | small masses of lymphoid tissue that swell when bacteria is in them |
| What does the lymph node produce? | they produce lymphocytes that respond to foreign molecules |
| How does a lymph node act as a surveillance system? | They detect the presence of foreign molecules and amount a response |
| What is a foreign molecule called? | an antigen |
| What is a disease causing foreign molecule called? | a pathogen |
| what is the immune system? | it is the system that protects against foreign molecules/ agents, transplanted tissues/organs and original parts that go bad |
| why is the immune system essential to a human? | The system when working properly helps fight off immune viruses/ bacteria |
| what is an antigen? | anything that comes into the body that is a foreign agent |
| What does an antigen stimulate? | stimulates the production of substances and cells by the immune system |
| what is antigenic? | both immunogenic and reactive; mostly made up of protein |
| what is the part of the antigen that is antigenic called? | Antigenic determinant (aka epitope) |
| Can a single antigen have more than one antigenic determinant? | Yes. However there is no cross reactivity between epitopes due to the high specificity of the immune system so each epitope requires their own set of cells |
| What are non-specific defenses? | they do not care about the specifics of the foreign molecule; non-immune; prevent the entry of antigens into the body; prevent the replication of the antigen |
| What are some Physical Barriers? | skin mucous membrane/ nasal hair saliva HCl-stomach acid secretions on the skin normal flora tears and the mechanical event of crying |
| What are the Phagocytic cells? | Macrophages Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils |
| What are the types of macrophages? | Fixed: stuck in one place Wandering: go throughout the body in search of garbage |
| What are Natural Killer Cells? | only go after virus-infected cells kill by lysis: cause the cell to burst |
| What are antimicrobial/antiviral products? | Interferon is produced by the body's cells and it goes to non-infected cells and protects them against becoming infected |
| What is the Compliment System? | It is a system that helps in the protection against foreign molecules and immune surveillance. It is made up of 20 different plasma proteins that compliment each other in some way |
| What is opsonization? | It is when the compliment system coats an antigen to make it more "tasty" to macrophages |
| What is the Specific Defense System? | It has two specific responses to cover the blood and lymph systems |
| What is the Humeral Response? | Results in the production of antibodies |
| The Humeral response involves B cells. Where do they come from and what do they eventually produce? | B cells come from a B lymphoblast. The B cell is produced in the bone marrow and remains their until maturation. After maturing it moves away and settles into the lymphoid tissue |
| What do B cells not produce? | they do not produce antibodies |
| What do B cells differentiate into? | Plasma cells and memory B-cells |
| What do plasma cells produce? | antibodies |
| Why are the memory B cells and memory T cells important? | They remember when a certain antigen has been in the body, and due to the fact that their life span is the same as a human they are able to set up a response to the antigen when it enters the body every time, as long as it does not change in any way |
| What type of cells do cell-mediated responses use? | they involve the use of T-cells |
| Where are T-cells formed? | They are formed in the bone marrow, and immediately leave and go into the thymus gland |
| What is produced at the thymus gland that helps the T-cells mature? | thymosins |
| After maturing where do the T-cells go? | they migrate to lymphoid tissue |
| What are helper T-cells? | they stimulate the production of both T and B cells |
| What are cytoxic cells? | they kill by lysis have the ability to disinguish between self and non-self are the only ones that kill |
| what are suppressor T-cells? | suppress the immune system once the antigen is out of the body |
| what are memory T-cells? | they provide the body with lifelong protection and will stimulate a response to an antigen that has been in the body before as long as the antigen has not changed in any way |
| what do the T-cells do? | they take care of the antigens that are in the cells |
| what do the B-cells do? | they are associated with the destruction of free antigens in the blood and lymph |
| what are the limitations to a T-cell attacking an antigen? | the antigen has to be incorporated into the body cell and the body cells must have a marker present |
| what is the Histocompatibility Complex? | it is biochemical fingerprints on bodies of nucleated cell surfaces that are unique to every individual |
| what do T-cells require in order to work? | MHC 1 or MHC 2 must be present |
| why is there an MHC 1 and an MHC 2? | they are classes that increase in the level of specificity |
| Why are mature B and T cells immunocompetent? | mature immune cells have all the machinery that is needed to fight an antigen |
| Why are mature T and B cells not committed? | Once the cells become committed they are committed forever and will never change their commitment |
| What is being immunocompetent and not committed a good thing? | the T and B cells are ready to respond to every single antigen that enters into the body |
| what does hapten mean? | it is not immunogenic or reactive by itself (distinguished from a complete antigen) |
| Explain penicillin and how it reacts in the body | It is an antibiotic. When combined with serum proteins in some bodies can cause an allergic reaction and an immune response will be mounted |
| What are antibodies? | They are short lived produced by plasma cells also known as immunoglobulins |
| What are the 5 classes of antibodies? | IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE |
| what are IgG antibodies? | the are important in activating the compliment system and immunological memory most abundant 80% of total antibodies only ones that can cross the placenta provides protection |
| What are IgA antibodies? | provide protection at the site of entry into the body |
| What are IgM antibodies? | largest in size first responders arrives at the site of infection/antigen first |
| What are IgD antibodies? | they are important in the initiation of an immune response |
| What are IgE antibodies? | most responsible for an allergic reaction under normal conditions are present in the lowest quantity |
| What are the parts that make up an antibody? | 2-heavy chains 2-light chains variable region constant region antigen bonding site |
| What is the variable region on an antibody? | has the capability of undergoing changes to match the antigenic determinant that enters into the body |
| What is the constant region on an antibody? | does not change only 5 types which correspond to the 5 types of classes |
| What are the antibody chains held together by? | held together by di-sulfide bonds |
| what is the antigen binding site on an antibody? | there are two per molecule the binding site of the antigen |
| What does the antibody not have the ability to do in terms of specificity? | don't have the ability to carry the instruction sheet for every antigen that will enter the body |
| What is the job of the antibody? Can they kill? | do not kill, only immobilize make the antigen more accessible |
| How many epitopes can an antibody attach? | can only attach the same epitope because of the specificity that comes along with the cells that interact with an epitope |
| What kills the antigens that attach to an antibody? | any kind of phagocytic cell (macrophage, basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil) |
| What classifies a cell as an MHC I? | fingerprints on the surface of nucleated cells |
| What classifies a cells as an MHC II? | found on macrophages |
| What further specifys a helper T-cell? | only mount a response to a cell that is MHC II co-stimulates both B and T cells has a CD4 marker |
| What further specify's a cytoxic T-cell? | only response to a MHC I marker |
| What does cyclosporin attack and stop? | attacks interleukin II and stops the immune response before the helper T-cells can go out in search of T and B cells |
| What is considered secondary immunity? | Memory B and T cells |
| When the antigen comes into the body, what must occur for the Helper T cell to decide to help? | the antigen gets eaten by a macrophage which will incorporate the epitope into its cell membrane surface and a lymphoctye activator will be released which will initiate help from the Helper T cells |
| After the Helper T cells are initiated what do they do? | wander throughout the body in search of immunocompetent, but non-committed T and B cells |
| When T and B cells are located by the Helper T cells what lymphocyte activator is released? | Interleukin II |
| After a B cell is committed by a Helper T cell what occurs to the B cell? | The B cell makes clones of itself and differentiates into plasma cells which produce antibodies and memory B cells |
| After a T cell is committed by a Helper T cell what occurs to the T cell? | The T cell makes clones of itself and differentiates into more helper T cells, cytoxic T cells (which further go into perferin and granulysin), suppressor T cells and memory T cells |
| What is an APC (antigen presenting cell)? | It is the body cell that shows the epitope to the rest of the body on the surface of the membrane of a macrophage |
| How long does it take for the immune response to be in full swing that the Helper T cells go out in search of more cells? | Takes 4-5 days for the whole system to kick in |
| Does the same immune response occur for multiple epitopes? | No. each epitope has its own immune response |
| how many antibodies can a plasma cell produce in a minute? | 2,000 |
| what is active immunity? | when the immune system mounts a response provides immunological memory |
| how does active immunity develop? | when an antigenic determinant is present artificially when a vaccination is given (an antigen, not pathogen of the virus is released into the body). This produces memory cells |
| What is passive immunity? | transfer of an antibody from one person to another (ex. from the mother to the placenta) no immunological memory |
| What is the problem with passive immunity? | The antibodies that are passed along are only as good as long as they are alive (antibodies are short-lived) |
| what disease is helped out through passive immunity and how | HIV. The patient is given an injection of immunoglobulins which will raise their titer and make the system more effective |
| what is the single most important T cell? | The helper T cell |
| what is ARC? | aids related complex (it is HIV that is not fully blown) |
| what does the HIV virus do to the body? | the HIV virus attacks the Helper T cell, which leads to their death. The problem with this is that Helper T cells are needed in order to complete the response system that will target a foreign molecule that is inside the body |
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