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GLGY209 FINAL
midterm1&2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Subdiscipline of geology, which represents the study of the rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic). | Petrology |
| Branch of geology that is the study of the successions of layers and bodies of rocks in the Earth crust. | Stratigraphy |
| Subdiscipline of geology, which represents the study of sediments and their deposition. | Sedimentology |
| Science is transformed into ___________________ by not fully accepting its unlimited field of research and lack of directionality. | Pseudoscience |
| The modern heliocentric model of the Solar System was given by ______ | Nicolaus Copernicus |
| e Solar System is situated in this branch of the Milky Way. | Cygnus-Orion |
| The beginning of the known Universe expansion is dated at circa ____________. | 13.7 - 13.8 billion years |
| The source of the Sun radiated energy is given by ___________. | Thermo-nuclear reactions |
| Most of the Sun consists of the elements __________ and ___________. | Helium, Hydrogen |
| The vast depression zones at the Moon surface are referred to as ____________ (hint: relief forms opposite to highlands). | Marae |
| _________________ concentrates most of the Solar System mass (hint: over 98%). | Sun |
| Which of the following planets does not have a core consisting of molten matter? | Jupiter |
| These celestial bodies of the Solar System are often informally referred to as “flying mountains”. | Asteroids |
| Meteorites having traces of organic matter in their mass are known as ______________. | Carbonaceous chondrites |
| The most frequent metal associated with iron in the iron meteorites is ______________. | Nickel |
| ______________ is the largest terrestrial planet. | Earth |
| A silicate-dominated meteorite that has no chondrules in its mass is known as ____________. | Achondrite |
| Planet of the Solar System other than the Earth that yielded compelling evidence to demonstrate the existence of free water at the surface during its past. | Mars |
| First celestial bodies formed according to the Solar Nebula Theory from the matter concentrated in the concentrical rings around the cloud centre are the _______________. | Protoplanets |
| This kind of celestial body or agglomeration of matter is the starting structure in the Solar Nebula Theory. | Nebula |
| Birth of Sun (as star!) is considered when ______________. | Thermo-nuclear reactions started in the protosun |
| The radiation flux from the Sun is known as _______________. | Solar Wind |
| The point on Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s focus is referred to as __________. | Epicenter |
| The Mohorovichich discontinuity is the boundary between ______________________. | Mantle and crust |
| What continent or subcontinent was not part of Gondwana? | Europe |
| The asthenosphere is situated between ________ and _________. | Lithosphere and mesosphere |
| Tectonic plate that does not have a continent on it. | Pacific Plate |
| The physical state of the Earth’s inner core is _________. | Liquid but behave as a solid |
| __________ are the dominant rocks in the oceanic crust. | Basalts |
| Earth internal structure is best described as ________ | Layered |
| _____________ is the dominant element on Earth. | Iron |
| ______________ is the dominant gas in Earth’s atmosphere. | Nitrogen |
| Planet of the Solar System other than the Earth that has well-developed ice caps. | Mars |
| ____________ is the only satellite of Jupiter on which volcanic activity was observed. | Io |
| Jovian planet’s general appearance is best described as _____________. | Gaseous |
| The nearby layers in the graphite structure are bonded by ______________ bonds. | Van der Waals |
| _________ is an example of mineraloid | Opal |
| Organic minerals are formed mostly as a result of ______________. | Bacterial precipitation |
| The cause of the different physical properties of diamond and graphite is given by ___________. | Different crystal structures |
| What polygons define the atoms of carbon in the planes of the graphite crystal structure? | Hexagons |
| A combination between a metallic element and sulphur is known as __________ | Sulfide |
| Oxide with excellent magnetic properties | Magnetite |
| The most frequent sulfide is ________ | Pyrite |
| _________ is the most frequent carbonate mineral. | Calcite |
| A relatively rare variety of pyrite occurs as ______________ minerals. | Dodecahedral |
| Silicate group that presents the crystal structure with silica tetrahedra bonded in double chains | Sorosilicates |
| Silicates with the crystal structure consisting of a 3D network of silica tetrahedra are known as ____________. | Tectosilicates |
| The physical state of magma is __________. | A combination of liquid, solid and gaseous substances |
| The texture of an igneous rock in which the whole rock mass is composed of large-sized crystals, which are visible with the unaided eye. | Phaneritic |
| The finest material released in the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions. | Volcanic Ash |
| Rocks with this texture are considered at the boundary between igneous and sedimentary domains. | Fragmental |
| Larger minerals, which are included in the microcrystalline mass of a phaneritic igneous rock (i.e., ground mass) are referred to as________. | Phenocrysts |
| Occurrences of pillow basalts are indicative for _______. | Submarine lava flows |
| The mass of microcrystalline rock in the porphyritic texture is referred to as ___________. | Ground mass |
| Volcanic ejecta without incandescent substances in their mass are known as _______________. | Pyroclastic flows |
| Vesicular basalts are indicative for ____________lava flows. | high-viscosity |
| Natural phenomena through which material from Earth interior is brought up to the surface. | Volcanic eruptions |
| Which of the following processes is not part of the clastic rock formation cycle? | Rock melting |
| The source of the solid particles in suspension in the Earth atmosphere. | -Compaction & cementation processes -Wind erosion of pre-existent rocks |
| Type of weathering characterized by formation of new minerals that have a different composition than the pre-existing, weathered ones. | Chemical weathering |
| The ____________ is the smallest unit of an element. | Atom |
| The total number of protons in the atomic nucleus is known as ____________. | Atomic number |
| Artificial diamonds are not considered minerals in geology because ________________. | they are artificially manufactured |
| Minerals with the same chemical composition and different crystal structures are known as _____ | polymorphs |
| The part of a rock that does not melt in the subsurface magma chamber is referred to as ______________. | Residue |
| _______________ is the final effect of magma cooling. | Crystallization |
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