Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
OPT Liver
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| hepatic failure | can be slow or sudden; occurs after 80-90% of liver function lost |
| 3 patterns of hepatic failure | 1. hepatic necrosis 2. chronic liver disease 3. hepatic dysfunction |
| fetor hepaticus | musty/sweet and sour odor from undegraded GI bacteria |
| hepatorenal syndrome | alterations in blood flow from hepatic failure that also result in renal failure |
| hepatopulmonary syndrome | alterations in blood flow from hepatic failure that also result in pulmonary dysfunction |
| hepatic encephalopathy | CNS alteration from shunted blood flow due to hepatic insufficiency; behavior problems, coma and death |
| icterus | aka jaundice; yellow discoloration of skin, eyes and mucosa secondary to bilirubin accumulation |
| unconjugated bilirubin | bilirubin bound to albumin from RBC breakdown in spleen; not water soluble and unable to excreted |
| conjugated bilirubin | bilirubin converted by liver so can be excreted |
| cholestasis | retention of bilirubin and other biliary components especially bile salts and cholesterols -elevated serum alkaline phosphatase -intestinal malabsorption |
| jaundice | result of cholestasis but with additional symptoms |
| pruritus | deposition of bile acids in peripheral tissues, especially the skin |
| skin xanthomas | from excess cholesterol accumulation in cholestasis |
| cirrhosis | diffuse alteration in liver of fibrous bands circling islands of hepatocytes forming nodules in liver |
| cryptogenic cirrhosis | cause of cirrhosis is unknown |
| causes of death from cirrhosis: | 1. progressive liver failure 2. complications of portal hypertension 3. hepatocellular carcinoma |
| 4 main clinical syndromes associated with liver disease: | 1. hepatic failure 2. jaundice and cholestasis 3. cirrhosis 4. portal hypertension |
| portal hypertension | elevation of blood pressure in portal circulation |
| 4 clinical consequences of portal hypertension: | 1. ascites 2. portosystemic venous shunts 3. splenomegaly 4. hepatic encephalopathy |
| ascites | collection of fluid in peritoneal cavity, can lead to hydrothorax |
| portosystemic venous shunts | venous flow is slowed to bypass the liver |
| esophageal varices | dilated esophageal veins to bypass portal circulation |
| caput medusae | enlargement of fetal umbilical veins forming superficial pattern around umbilicus |
| splenomegaly | spleen enlargement from from prolonged congestion |
| 3 patterns of alcoholic liver disease | 1. hepatic steatosis 2. alcoholic hepatitis 3. alcoholic cirrhosis |
| hepatic steatosis | aka fatty liver; intracytoplasmic accumulation of lipid material in hepatocytes secondary to drinking, reversible |
| alcoholic hepatitis | hepatic degeneration from alcohol consumption; ballooning degeneration and necrosis |
| Mallory bodies (Mallory-Denk bodies) | eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions indicative of cell damage |
| alcoholic cirrhosis | follows 15-20 years of alcoholic consumption; fibrosis of liver with collagenous bands surrounding hepatocyte nodules, higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma |
| nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) | pattern of steatosis, hepatitis and cirrhosis in non-drinkers; obesity and insulin-intolerance are predisposing factors |
| Reye syndrome | disorder that creates fatty change in the liver and encephalopathy secondary to the loss of hepatic mitochondrial function |
| hepatitis A virus (HAV, epidemic/infectious hepatitis) | RNA virus, acute, self-limited hepatitis; spread fecal-orally |
| icteric hepatitis | jaundice present in hepatitis |
| anicteric hepatitis | no jaundice present in hepatitis |
| hepatitis B virus (HBV, serum hepatitis) | DNA virus, predisposes to hepatocellular carcinoma; has acute, chronic and carrier states -can test serum markers to determine stage of disease (Anti-HBs IgG persists for life, used for vaccine) |
| hepatits C virus | RNA virus, mostly spread by blood, acute, chronic, and carrier states, and predisposes to hepatocellular carcinoma |
| hepatitis D virus (Delta agent) | RNA virus, can only infect in presence of HBV |
| hepatitis E virus | RNA virus, like hepatitis A (fecal-oral); dangerous for pregnant women |
| asymptomatic infection | serologic evidence of infection but no symptoms, elevated transaminases |
| acute infection | symptomatic disease shortly after incubation period |
| fulminant viral hepatits | acute liver failure from massive liver necrosis that occurs in 2-3 weeks |
| chronic hepatitis | symptomatic with biochemical or serological evidence of hepatic disease for more than 6 months |
| subacute hepatic necrosis | cases of acute liver failure that develop more slowly |
| carrier state | infection without clinical systems but still contagious |
| autoimmune hepatitis | immune-mediated chronic liver destruction without an associated virus |
| hemochromatosis (pigment cirrhosis) | group of genetic disorders that produce excess iron deposited in liver, creating fibrosis and predisposes to hepatocellular carcinoma |
| secondary iron overload | acquired forms of excess iron from other sources |
| bronze diabetes | skin and pancreatic alterations of excess iron increasing pigmentation |
| diagnostic triad of hemochromatosis: | 1. skin pigmentation 2. diabetes mellitus 3. hepatomegaly |
| Wilson disease | cirrhosis that develops from copper overload |
| cavernous hemangioma | benign tumor of dilated vascular channels; can bleed if biopsied |
| hepatic adenoma | benign tumor of encapsulated mass of hepatocytes in sheets and cords; after longterm contraceptive use |
| hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cell carcinoma, hepatoma) | malignancy of hepatocytes, shows elevated alpha-fetoprotein |
| aflatoxin | released by fungus Aspergillus flavus; increases cancer risk in conjunction with HBV |
| cholelithiasis | aka gallstones; found in people who are fat, forty, female and fertile |
| biliary colic | blocked biliary duct that results in extreme pain |
| cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with gallstones {calculous cholecystitis} |
| carcinoma of the gallbladder | most common in biliary tract and associated with cholelithiasis |
| cholangiocarcinoma | cancer that arises from epithelial lining of biliary ducts, both inside and outside the liver |
| pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas |
| acute pancreatitis (acute pancreatic necrosis) | reversible, inflammatory lesions associated with alcoholism/gallstones |
| acute edematous pancreatitis | mild, self-limiting disorder |
| acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis | severe, life-threatening disorder; elevated amylase and lipase |
| chronic pancreatitis (chronic relapsing pancreatitis) | irreversible destruction of exocrine pancreas that leads to fibrosis |
| calcifying pancreatitis | intraluminal plugs that form dystrophic calcifications |
| carcinoma of the pancreas | carcinoma of exocrine portion, extremely deadly cancer; exhibits Trousseau sign |
| diabetes mellitus | metabolic disorders that cause hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action |
| type 1 diabetes mellitus | insulin-dependent and juvenile-onset; severe lack of insulin from autoimmune attack -polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia -ketoacidosis |
| type 2 diabetes mellitus | insulin-resistant and inadequate host response; genetic factors including {obesity} and {stress} |
| insulitis | lymphocytic infiltration of islets, only in type 1 |
| amyloid deposition | amylin released in islets, only in type 2 |
| diabetic microangiopathy | thickening of basement membrane in small arterioles |
| diabetic nephropathy | renal changes in diabetic patients |
| diffuse glomerulosclerosis | thickening of basement membrane of glomerular capillaries |
| nodular glomerulosclerosis (Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesion) | ball-like deposits in matrix of mesangium |
| retinopathy | eye problems associated with diabetes mellitus |
| pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors | islet cell tumors |
| insulinoma | beta-cell tumor; causes hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia |
| gastrinoma | tumor that increases gastrin secretion, usually in duodenum or pancreas; causes {Zollinger-Ellison syndrome}- combination of pancreatic islet tumor, gastric acid, and severe peptic ulcers |
Created by:
aharnold
Popular Science sets