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Plant diversity
How plants colonized land
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When did cyanobacteria (blue-algae) and protist existed on land | 1.2 billion years ago |
| When did small plants,fungi and animals emerged on land | 500 million years ago |
| When did tells plants (forest) appeared ? | 385 million year ago |
| do land plants include photosynthetic protists | no |
| what are the closest relatives of land plants | charophytes |
| characteristics plants share with algae | multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs, cell walls |
| which traits do charophytes share with land plants | ring of cellulose-synthesizing proteins, structure of flagellated sperm, formation of a phragmoplast, |
| What prevents zygotes from charophytes from drying out | a layer of durable polymer called sporopollenin |
| where is sporopollenin also found | plants spore walls |
| what did the movement to land provide for plants | unfiltered sun, more CO2 , and nutrient-rich soil |
| what challenges did land present for plants | a scarcity of water and lack of structural support |
| what are plants place in | embryophytes |
| Five key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes | Alternation of generations Multicellular, dependent embryos Walled spores produced in sporangia Multicellular gametangia Apical meristems |
| what is gametophyte | gametophyte is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis |
| what happens when the gametes fused | Fusion of the gametes gives rise to the diploid sporophyte, which produces haploid spores by meiosis |
| what does Mitotic division of the diploid zygote produces | the other multicellular body, the sporophyte |
| what is a spore | A spore is a reproductive cell that can develop into a new organism without fusing with another cell. |
| what are sporangia ? | The sporophyte that produces spores in organs |
| what are sporocytes | diploid cells that undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores |
| what is sporopollenin | are in sporopollenin which makes them resistant to harsh environments. |
| gametes are produced within which organs | gametangia |
| what are female gametangia called | archegonia produce eggs and are the site of fertilization |
| what are Male gametangia called | antheridia, produce and release sperm |
| Apical Meristems | Plants sustain continual growth |
| what is a cuticle | a waxy covering of the epidermis |
| what is stomata | are specialized cells that allow for gas exchange between the outside air and the plant |
| what is Mycorrhizae | symbiotic associations between fungi and land plants that may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients |
| when were plants first of earth | 470 million years ago |
| what are nonvascular plants called | bryophytes |
| seedless vascular plants | lycophytes, monilophytes |
| gymnosperms | the naked seed plants including the conifers |
| angiosperms | the flowering plants |
| The morphology-based tree divides bilaterians into two clades | deuterostomes and protostomes |
| In contrast, recent molecular studies indicate three bilaterian clades: | Deuterostomia, Ecdysozoa, and Lophotrochozoa |
| how do Ecdysozoans shed their skeleton | through a process called ecdysis |
| what is the feeding structure of lophotrochozoans | lophophore |
| what clade do chordates and other phyla belong to to the | deuterostomia |
| what type of tissue Eumetazoa clade of animals (eumetazoans) have | true tissue |
| sponges are | basal animals |
| In protostome development, cleavage is | spiral and determinate |
| In deuterostome development, cleavage is | radial and indeterminate |
| what is a larva | sexually immature and morphologically distinct from the adult; it eventually undergoes metamorphosis |
| diploid stages | cleavage,blastula,gastrulation,gastrula. |
| what is ectoderm | germ layer covering surface |
| endoderm | he innermost germ layer and lines the developing digestive tube, called the archenteron |
| Sponges and a few other groups | lack true tissues |
| Diploblastic animals | have ectoderm and endoderm |
| Triploblastic animals | also have an intervening mesoderm layer; these include all bilaterians |
| Most triploblastic animals | possess a body cavity |
| A true body cavity is called | a coelom |
| A pseudocoelom is a body cavity | derived from the mesoderm and endoderm |
| In protostome development, | the blastopore becomes the mouth |
| In deuterostome development, | the blastopore becomes the anus |
| what is Cephalization | the development of a head |
| Some animals have radial symmetry, | with no front and back, or left and right |
| two-sided symmetry is called | bilateral symmetry |
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sdiaz22
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