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WRH - Exam 3
Part 2 - Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbirth
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| heteronormativity | set of norms that stipulate that there are complementary genders (man and woman) who have "natural roles"and are heterosexual |
| sex | refers to "biological" categorization, i.e. "male" or "female" |
| gender | refers to the ways societies structure how to be "male" or "female" |
| transgender | when gender identity / gender expression do not match the assigned sex |
| What is infertility? Explain the difference between those 34 or younger and those 35 or older. | - (34 or younger) inability to conceive after 1 year of regular unprotected sex - (35 or older) inability to conceive after 6 months of regular unprotected sex |
| in vitro fertilization | - a complex series of procedures used to treat fertility or genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child - during IVF, mature eggs are collected (retrieved) from the ovaries and fertilized by sperm in a lab - "test tube babies" |
| GIFT | - Gamete IntraFallopian Transfer - treatment useful if there is tubal blockage - ova are collected and inserted into oviducts below the point of blockage - sperm from partner or donor are placed in the oviduct |
| ZIFT | - Zygote IntraFallopian Transfer - treatment useful if there is tubal blockage - zygote(s) inserted below the blockage in the oviduct |
| oligospermia | - olig = few - low sperm count - can be due to tight clothes, hot tubs, etc. (heat) |
| azoospermia | - a = without; zoo = living being - absence of sperm - due to vasectomy for example |
| hysterosalpingogram (HSG) | - hyster = uterus; salping = oviducts; gram = record - an X-ray test that looks at the inside of the uterus and fallopian tubes and the area around them - done for those who are having a hard time becoming pregnant (infertile) |
| erection reflex | - a spinal reflex triggered by mechanoreceptors in the glans penis; effects: - increased vasodilation to penile arterioles - decreased vasoconstriction to penile arterioles - increasing blood flow into the penis |
| The corpus luteum of pregnancy secretes ___. | estrogens and progestins |
| zygote | - a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes (egg + sperm) - a fertilized egg |
| morula | a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, and from which a blastula is formed |
| blastocyst | - the blastula stage of mammalian embryonic development, consisting of an inner cell mass, a cavity, and an outer layer (the trophoblast) - forms 1 week after fertilization |
| trophoblast | - the outer epithelium of a mammalian blastocyst - forms the fetal part of the placenta, supporting embryonic development but not forming part of the embryo proper |
| process of implantation of the blastocyst | - blastocyst adheres to the endometrial lining, and trophoblastic cells cords begin to penetrate - they tunnel deeper, carving out a hole for the blastocyst - at completion of implantation, the blastocyst is completely buried in the endometrium |
| human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) | - hormone secreted by the chorion - maintains the corpus luteum until the placenta takes over in the last 2 trimesters - maintained corpus luteums secrete estrogens and progestins |
| placenta (both maternal and fetal contributions) | - maternal contributions: human chorionic gonadotrophin, estrogen, progesterone - fetal contributions: |
| role of the placenta in the synthesis of estrogen | - fetal placenta secretes CRH - CRH triggers fetal anterior pituitary to produce ACTH - ACTH triggers fetal adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and DHEA - DHEA is converted to estrogen by the maternal placenta |
| (parturition) relaxin | - hormone produced by the corpus luteum of pregnancy and placenta - helps with dilation of the cervix to accommodate the passage of the fetus (from the uterus -> vagina -> outside); cervical softening |
| (parturition) corticotropin-releasing hormone [CRH] | - secreted by the fetal portion of the placenta (and fetal hypothalamus) into both the maternal and fetal circulation - leads to the production of DHEA (precursor to estrogen) - triggers parturition |
| (parturition) estrogen | - hormone made from DHEA by the maternal placenta - stimulate an increase in oxytocin receptors in the myometrium - promotes local prostaglandin synthesis |
| (parturition) oxytocin | - helps trigger contractions of the uterine myometrium that are sufficiently strong to expel the fetus - positive feedback cycle (pressure of fetus against the cervix reflexively increases oxytocin secretion) |
| parturition | labor, delivery, and birth |
| role of the placenta in the synthesis of progesterone | the maternal placenta creates progesterone from cholesterol |
| major physiological changes of pregnancy to the cervix (1st trimester) | - cervical effacement (it becomes softer, thinner, and shorter) - starts to dilate -glands begin to release thick mucus that forms a mucus plug |
| major physiological changes of pregnancy to the cardiovascular system | - increases in: pulse, blood volume, cardiac output, white blood cells, clotting factors - decrease in blood pressure |
| major physiological changes of pregnancy to the gastrointestinal system | - increases in: salivation, gum sensitivity, absorption time, absorption of iron, nausea, vomiting - decrease in motility - changes in appetite, taste, and smell |
| major physiological changes of pregnancy to the skin | - increased pigmentation - darkened areola - chloasma ("pregnancy mask") - linea nigra (vertical line on the belly) - striae (stretch marks on the belly) |
| barriers to prenatal care | - poverty mainly - black women 3.3x more likely to die as a result of pregnancy complications than white women - almost 30% of women did not enter care in the first trimester |
| factors associated with late or inadequate prenatal care use | - low education level - being younger than 20 or older than 35 - multiparity (those that have had kids before) - black people - hispanic people - residence in an area with few prenatal providers |
| lightening | - a drop in the level of the uterus during the last weeks of pregnancy as the head of the fetus engages in the pelvis - releases pressure on the lungs - puts pressure on the bladder and cervix |
| signs of pre-labor | - braxton-hicks (warm-up) contractions - lightening (uterus level drops) - release of the mucus plug - weight loss - back ache - diarrhea |
| two primary signals of labor | - contractions - the water breaks |
| dilation (of the cervix) | when the cervix widens/opens |
| effacement (of the cervix) | when the cervix becomes thinner, shorter, and softer |
| Braxton-Hicks contractions | - sporadic uterine contractions that occur during pre-labor - warm up contractions |
| “waters breaking” | - when the amniotic sac ruptures and some of the fluid escapes the uterus - signals that the fetus is getting ready to be born |
| role of oxytocin in labor | - causes strong contractions - part of a positive feedback cycle that progressively increases until cervical dilation and delivery are complete |
| role of oxytocin in milk ejection | causes milk ejection by stimulating myoepithelial cells surrounding alveoli to squeeze secreted milk out through ducts |
| prolactin | - secreted by anterior pituitary - stimulates the synthesis of enzymes essential for milk production by alveolar epithelial cells - stimulates more milk secretion from alveolar cells to replace milk ejected as the baby nurses |
| colostrum | - product from the breasts during the first 2-3 after birth - contains antibodies |
| foremik | - product from the breasts 10-14 days after birth - watery milk - contains lactoferrin and bifidus factor |
| hindmilk | - product from the breasts 10-14 days after birth - creamy milk from nearly empty breasts - high in protein - contains lactoferrin and bifidus factor |
| lactoferrin | - decreases iron availability, which is needed for pathogen multiplication (so, less bad bacteria) - in foremilk and hindmilk |
| Bifidus factor | promotes the multiplication of nonpathogenic microorganisms (so, more good bacteria) - in foremilk and hindmilk |
| process of milk removal from breast | the baby's gums press on the areola as the tongue directs the milk into the back of the mouth (so, milk removed through PRESSURE) |
| Describe and contrast the public's reaction to the release of Kinsey's report on male sexuality in 1948 and on female sexuality in 1953, as shown in the documentary "Kinsey." | - MSR: a surprise to many people; quickly became a bestseller; Kinsey became well known - FSR: bestseller too, but reaction not as positive b/c of sexism (women not supposed to be sexual); statisticians finally came a calling; so did religious leaders |
| What were the main findings from the Peplau (2003) article? | (GENDER diff.s:) - men: greater sexual desire; aggression more strongly linked to sexuality - women: more emphasis on committed relationships as a context for sexuality; sexuality more easily changed by cultural, social, and situational factors |
| What were the limitations of the findings reported from Peplau's (2003) article? | - much of the research is based on white, middle-class Americans - little research available on MOGAI |
| MOGAI | marginalized orientations, gender alignments, and intersex |
| causes of male and female infertility | - MI: oligospermia; azoospermia; poor sperm motility; acc. gland/duct malfunction; varicocele - FI: tubal factors (PID, STDs, uterine infection, ab. surgery, endometriosis); ovulation problems (PCOS, anovulation, premature menopause, ovarian cancer) |
| varicocele | - enlarged veins in the scrotum - results in temperature increase in the testes, which affects sperm production |
| Know the three roles of estrogen in preparing the mother’s uterus and cervix for labor and delivery. | - increases gap junctions between myometrial cells and increases their oxytocin receptors, which increases uterine responsiveness to low levels of oxytocin - increases prostaglandin production, which softens the cervix and increases oxytocin receptors |
| High levels of ___ are required throughout pregnancy with levels steadily rising until the birth of the baby. | progesterone |
| The cells that make up the placenta, known as ___, are able to convert cholesterol from the mother’s bloodstream into progesterone. | trophoblasts |
| function of the essential pregnancy hormone hCG secreted by the placenta | - useful early on in pregnancy, as it maintains P production from the corpus luteum - increases blood supply to uterus - alters the endometrium so that it is more likely to receive the implanting embryo |
| functions of the essential pregnancy hormone estrogen secreted by the placenta | - maintains, controls, and stimulates production of other pregnancy hormones - needed for correct fetal development - stimulates growth/correct function of placenta - promotes growth of breast tissue (w/ P) and prepares the parent for breastfeeding |
| functions of the essential pregnancy hormone progesterone secreted by the placenta | - needed for correct fetal development - prevents contractions until labor - strengthens the pelvic wall muscles - prevents lactation until after pregnancy |
| Many of the functions of progesterone require ___ and in fact, progesterone production from the placenta is stimulated by ___. | estrogen |
| ___ is made and released by the corpus luteum and then later, the foetal-placental unit, where the fetal liver/adrenal glands produce a hormone that is passed to the placenta and converted. Levels of this hormone ___ til birth. | - Estrogen - increase steadily |
| chorion | - the outermost membrane surrounding the embryo - contributes to the formation of the placenta |
| What is responsible for the progression of partruition? Explain. | - the positive-feedback cycle - uterine contractions -> fetus pushed against cervix -> neuroendocrine reflex -> oxytocin secreted -> prostaglandin produced -> uterine contractions |
| identify and briefly explain the three stages of labor | - 1st: contractions; cervix dilation (to 10 cm) / thinning - 2nd: pushing; delivery of baby - 3rd: delivery of placenta |
| In the technocratic paradigm of childbirth, as described by Robbie Davis-Floyd, what is the view of the body, the patients, the relationship between practitioner and patient, and the role of science? | - basic underlying principle: SEPARATION - body = machine - patient = object - practitioner alienated from patient - science and technology super-valuated |
| In the humanistic paradigm of childbirth, as described by Robbie Davis-Floyd, what is the view of the body, the patients, the relationship between practitioner and patient, and the role of science? | - basic underlying principle: BALANCE AND CONNECTION - body = organism - patient = relational subject - practitioner and patient connected/care for each other - science and technology balanced with humanism |
| In the holistic paradigm of childbirth, as described by Robbie Davis-Floyd, what is the view of the body, the patients, the relationship between practitioner and patient, and the role of science? | - basic underlying principle: CONNECTION AND INTEGRATION - body = energy system - healing the whole person in - unity between practitioner and patient - science and tech. only to service the patient |
Created by:
jessica.gvc
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