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Exam 2 Bio 2
chapter 42
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| all animals must exchange ____ with their environment | gases |
| All animal cells must be in close contact with the environment or, an animal can have a ________ | circulatory system |
| The gases that enter and leave an animal cross the _____ readily and _____ slowly across distance | membrane,diffuse |
| The gas ____ is given off by the animal | CO2 |
| Some animals have very ____ body forms | thin |
| The phylum ______has only 2 cell layers thick so there is a short distance for diffusion. | cnidaria |
| The gases in cnidaria are exchanged in the cell layers in the _______ | gastrovascular cavity |
| The phylum ________ has a flattened body form. | platyhelminthes |
| Platyhelminthes has an extensively branched _______ so no cells are a large distance away from each other. | gastrovascular cavity |
| A______ is a heart which pumps fluid through vessels to body cells | circulatory system |
| Thicker animals need to have a ______ | circulatory system |
| What kind of circulatory system has their organs bathed in hemolymph and has it spend some of its time in the vessels | open circulatory system |
| what kind of circulatory system has blood that spends all of its time in vessels and is separate from interstitial fluid | closed circulatory system |
| in a closed circulatory system it costs more _____, but blood is pumped at higher pressure | energy |
| arteries always carry blood _____ from the heart | away |
| Amphibians and reptiles have ____chambered hearts which includes 2 atria and 1 ventricle | three |
| A three chambered heart system leads to some mixing of ______ and _______ blood | oxygenated,deoxygenated |
| in a 4 chambered heart de-oxygenated blood from body collects in the ____ side of the heart and is pumped to the _____ | right, lungs |
| in a 4 chambered heart oxygenated blood from lungs collects in ____side of heart and is pumped into the _____ | left, body |
| The heart rate is the _____ | number of beats per minute |
| The stroke volume is the ______ | amount of blood pumped per beat |
| Cardiac output depends on ____ and _____ | heart rate and stroke volume |
| The average resting output for a human heart is _____ per minute! | five liters |
| Cardiac muscle cells contract (“beat”) all by themselves through ______ cells in the sinoatrial node (sa node) | pace maker |
| Pace maker cells contract the cardiac muscles by coordinating the cells in the sinoatrail node to generate ______signals | electrical |
| what are the electrical signals that the pacemaker cells create measured by? | EKG |
| What hormone message is sent to the SA node to increase the heart rate ,also known as adrenaline, normally triggered when in danger | epinephrine |
| What is space in blood vessels? | lumen |
| The lumen in blood vessels are surrounded by euthelium what is it? | a single layer of epithelium |
| Blood vessels are similiar to each other because they have _____ that is surrounded by euthelium | lumen |
| The wider a vessel, the ____ blood flows | slower |
| Blood pressure is caused when _____ push blood into smaller _____ | ventricles, arteries |
| systolic pressure occurs right as ventricles ____, which stretches arteries | contract |
| ______ pressure is the low point when arteries snap back into “normal” size | diastolic |
| Vasoconstriction narrows blood vessels which _____ pressure | increasing |
| vasodilation _____ blood vessels which decreases pressure | expands |
| ______ is made up of Mostly H2O, salts (“electrolytes”), and proteins | plasma |
| What are the 3 types of blood cells | red,white,and platlets |
| What kind of blood cell is euthrocytes and what does it carry? | red, oxygen |
| Leukocytes are what type of blood cell and what is their function? | white,defense |
| What is the function of platelets? | gather around damaged blood vessels aka clotting |
| kidneys release ________ (EPO) if tissues are not receiving enough O2 | erythropoietin |
| stem cells in ____ produce the 3 types of blood cells | bone marrow |
| Partial pressure is total pressure exerted by a _____ x % of a ______ in that mixture | gas mixture, particular gas |
| Gases always diffuse from high partial pressures to ___ ones | low |
| Gills are always thin and highly branched structures that _____ (increase/decrease) surface area and must be _____ | increase,ventilated |
| In mammals, lungs are located in the ____ cavity | thoracic |
| in amphibians ____ pressure breathing ventilates the lungs | positive |
| mammal engage in _____ pressure breathing | negative |
| in mammals the diaphragm contract which _____ air pressure in the lungs so air is sucked in | lowers |
| hemoglobin in a respiratory pigment that contains one ____ atom and four subunits | iron |
| Hemoglobin can accept and distribute _____ | oxygen |
| drop in pH decreases hemoglobin’s affinity for O2 this is called ______ | Bohr shift |
| the production of ____ promotes the release of O2 from hemoglobin | CO2 |
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