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Earth Science
E.S. Chapter 16 Sections 1-3
| ocean currents | masses of ocean water that flows from one place to another |
| surface currents | movements of water that flow horizontally in the upper part of the ocean's surface |
| friction | surface currents develop from ________ between the ocean and the wind that blows across its surface |
| coriolis effect | the apparent deflective force of Earth's rotation on all free-moving objects, including the atmosphere and oceans |
| upwelling | the rising of cold water from deeper layers to replace warmer surface water |
| decrease; increase | an increase in seawater density can be caused by a/an ________ in temperature or a/an ________ in salinity |
| ocean waves | energy traveling along the boundary between ocean and atmosphere |
| wave height | the vertical distance between trough and crest |
| wave length | the horizontal distance between two successive crests or two successive troughs |
| wave period | the time it takes one full wave- one wavelength- to pass a fixed position |
| fetch | the distance that the wind has traveled across open water |
| circular orbital motion | ________ _______ ______ allows energy to be moved forward through the water while the individual water particles transmit the wave move around in a cirlce |
| surf | the turbulent water created by breaking waves |
| tides | regular changes in the elevation of the ocean surface |
| moon | the primary body that influences the tides is the ____, which makes one complete revolution around the Earth every 29 and a half days |
| spring tides | tides that have the greatest tidal range due to the alignment of the Earth-moon-sun system |
| neap tides | lowest tidal range, occurring near the times of the first quarter and third quarter phases of the moon |
| beach | the accumulation of sediment found along the shore of a lake or ocean |
| abrasion | the sawing and grinding action of rock fragments in water |
| wave refraction | the process by which the portion of a wave in shallow water slows, causing the wave to bend and tend to align itself with underwater contours |
| slight | most waves move toward the shoreline at a ______ angle |
| longshore current | a near-shore current that slows parallel to the shore |
| turbulence | longshore currents to easily move the fine suspended sand and to roll larger sand and gravel particles along the bottom |
| spit | an elongated ridge of sand that projects from the lane into the mouth of the adjacent bay |
| barrier islands | narrow sandbars parallel to, but separated from, the coast at distances from 3 to 30 kilometers offshore |
| groin | a barrier built at a right angle to the beach to trap sand that is moving parallel to the shore |
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