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pharm
cardio/blood/CNS/respiratory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hydrochlorothiazide | thiazide diuretic works at loop of henle to tx heart failure & htn; leads to decreased bl volume and increased CO |
| Metoprolol | beta1-blocker used to tx heart failure, angina, & htn; inhibits SNS response through decreased renin release & decreased heart rate |
| Losartan | Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB) to tx htn & HR; inhibits Ang II from binding @ receptor site, decreased pre & afterload |
| Enalapril | Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (ACEI) to tx HF & htn; blocks Ang I from converting to Ang II, leads to decreased afterload and preload and increased CO |
| Warfarin | anticoagulant; inhibits Vitamin K epoxide reductase in the liver; VitK must become oxidized to put carboxyl group on clotting factors |
| Streptokinase | thrombolytic agent; forms stable complex with plasminogen (by aiding TPA (tissue plasminogen activator)) to convert to plasmin |
| Aminocaproic Acid | antifibrinolytic; inactivates TPA so plasminogen doesn't convert to plasmin & doesn't dissolve clot; antidote to heparin |
| Diazepam | Benzodiazepine, binds to GABA receptors to potentiate effects-more frequent Cl- channels opening, hyperpolarization-IPSP, inside the cell more negative |
| Cholestyramine | Bile acid sequestrant/resin; increases excretion of cholesterol & decreased circulating cholesterol levels; forms insoluble complex c bile acid & salts, preventing resorption |
| Niacin | antihyperlipidemic; decreased VLDL & increased HDL leveles; inhibits lipolysis of triglycerol, which decreases circulating fatty acid levels; these FAs are needed to synthesize triglyc., which are required for VLDL |
| Gemfibrozil | Fibrate; more helpful to increase triglyc levels; allows lipoprotein lipase to hydrolyze chylomicrions & VLDL more efficiently, lowering circulating levels |
| atorvastatin | HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor; inhibits synthesis of more LDL receptors so more LDLs can be removed |
| Dextromethorphan | anti-inflammatory agent to treat coughs; symptomatic reliever |
| Diphonhydramine | antihistamine to tx allergic rhinitis; H-1 histamine receptor blocker; SE-drowsiness |
| Loratidine | H-1 histamine receptor blocker to tx allergic rhinitis; more selective, fewer side effects |
| Oxymetazoline | Alpha-1 adrenergic agonist to tx allergic rhinitis; often as aerosol to limit systemic effects |
| Albuterol | Beta-2 adrenergic agonist to tx asthma, COPD; competitive |
| Beclomethasone | adrenal corticosteroid/glucocorticoid block bronchoconstriction, inflammatory response and chemoattractant factors from mast cells; inhibits transcription of a gene |
| Clozapine | atypical neuroleptic, acts at DA, 5-HT, histamine receptors blocked |
| Chloropromazine | typical neuroleptic; inhibits DA, Ach, alpha adrenergic, & histamine pathways; EPS's, Reversible: dystonia, akathisia, pseudoparkinsonism; Irreversible: tardive dyskinesia |
| Lithium salt | antidepressant; for bipolar, involves disruption of PIP2 2nd messenger system |
| Phenelzine | MAOI; blocks MAO enzyme that metabolizes neurotransmitters NE, epi, DA, & 5-HT |
| Imipramine | tricyclic antidepressant; inhibits reuptake of 5-HT & NE, alpha adren, histamine, & muscarinic receptors; Anticholinergic SEs: blurred vision, confusion, mydriasis, constipation, urinary retention |
| Fluoxetine | SSRI; inhibits reuptake of 5-HT so there's more 5-HT in the synapse |
| Methylphenidate | psychomotor stimulant to tx ADHD, similar mechanism of action as amphetamine, more neurotransmitters released |
| Caffeine | psychomotor stimulant; blackade of adenosine receptor; used c ADD/ADHD |
| Phenobarbital | barbiturate; increased GABA effects from prolonged duration of Cl- channel opening; SE: addiction, drowsy, nausea, vertigo, tremors, enzyme induction |
| Digoxin | cardiac glycoside; inotropic agents; increased cytoplasmic ca+ concentration: slows and strengthens heart |
| Hydralazine | direct acting vasodilator to tx htn & HF |
| Milrinone | inotropic agent; phosphodiesterase inhibitor to tx HF; blocks Na/Ca ATPase pump, inhibits cAMP's breakdown which would activate protein kinase to open Ca channel |
| Clonidine | alpha-2 agonist used to tx htn; diminishes sympathetic outflow from CNS |
| alpha-methyldopa | alpha-2 agonist used to tx htn |
| Atenolol | beta-1 blocker to tx htn, HF, angina; SE: hypotension, bradycardia, fatigue, insomnia, sexual dysfunction |
| Spironolactone | aldosterone antagonist; potassium sparing diuretic to tx HF & htn |
| Furosemide | loop diuretic blocks Na & Cl resorption; to tx HF & htn |
| Nifedipine | Ca Channel Blocker to tx htn & angina; potenet @ coronary & peripheral vasculature |
| Nitroglycerin | Organic nitrate to tx angina; causes increase of cGMP (2nd messenger) which dephosphorylates myosin & relaxes coronary smooth muscle; decreased pre & afterload |
| Propranolol | non selective beta blocker for angina, HF, & htn |
| alcohol | GABA effects: sedation -->hypnosis-->coma |
| Heparin | anticoagulant; binds to antithrombin III, changes confirmation, & increase rate of action to inactivate clotting factors |
| Ticlopidine | platelet inhibitor; blocks ADP receptor on plasma which stops Ca from binding and allowing GP IIb/IIIa from binding c fibrin |
| ASA | platelet inhibitor; cox-1 inhibitor, prevents TXA2 synthesis b/c competes for active site |
| Abciximab | platelet inhibitor; blocks GPIIb/IIIa receptor from allowing fibrin to bind the plamsa cell to other cells |
| What does undamaged tissue signal? | prostacyclin & nitric oxide which inhibit platelet aggregation; thrombin & thromboxase are low in the blood |
| What do platelet receptors do? | Bind thrombin, thromboxane, exposed collagen; platelets are activated when the receptors are bound |
| What reactions occur c platelet activation? | platelets change shape, release granules: ADP, TXA2, 5-HT, PAF, thrombin; they bind to receptors, aggregation occurs due to increased Ca2+ levels |
| What's the mechanism of platelet aggregation? | Increased ca2+ causes more granules to be released, TXA2 to be synthesized, GP IIb/IIIa receptors activated & bind fibrinogen (thrombin activates fibrinogen to form fibrin) |
| Prazosin | alpha-1 antagonist; to tx htn; decreases PVR |
| Dobutamine | inotropic agent to tx HF |
Created by:
rlvander
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