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Plate Tectonics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Asthenosphere | the region below the lithosphere, variously estimated as being from fifty to several hundred miles thick, in which the rock is less rigid than that above and below but rigid enough to transmit transverse seismic waves. |
| Continental Drift | the lateral movement of continents resulting from the motion of crustal plates. |
| Lithosphere | the solid portion of the earth (distinguished from atmosphere, hydrosphere). |
| Pangaea | the hypothetical landmass that existed when all continents were joined, from about 300 to 200 million years ago. |
| Plate | crustal plate. |
| Plate Tectonics | a theory of global tectonics in which the lithosphere is divided into a number of crustal plates, each of which moves on the plastic asthenosphere more or less independently to collide with, slide under, or move past adjacent plates. |
| Seafloor Spreading | a process in which new ocean floor is created as molten material from the earth's mantle rises in margins between plates or ridges and spreads out. |
| Earthquake | a series of vibrations induced in the earth's crust by the abrupt rupture and rebound of rocks in which elastic strain has been slowly accumulating. |
| Epicenter | a point, directly above the true center of disturbance, from which the shock waves of an earthquake apparently radiate. |
| Fault | a break in the continuity of a body of rock or of a vein, with dislocation along the plane of the fracture (fault plane) |
| Focus | a point having the property that the distances from any point on a curve to it and to a fixed line have a constant ratio for all points on the curve. |
| Magnitude | the great size or extent of something. |
| Normal Fault | gravity fault. |
| Reverse Fault | a fault in which the rock above the fault plane is displaced upward relative to the rock below the fault plane (opposed to gravity fault). |
| Seismic Wave | a wave of energy that is generated by an earthquake or other earth vibration and that travels within the earth or along its surface. |
| Seismograph | any of various instruments for measuring and recording the vibrations of earthquakes. |
| Strike-Slip Fault | a geological fault on which the movement is along the strike of the fault |
| Tsunami | an unusually large sea wave produced by a seaquake or undersea volcanic eruption. |
| Batholith | a large body of intrusive igneous rock believed to have crystallized at a considerable depth below the earth's surface; pluton. |
| Caldera | a large, basinlike depression resulting from the explosion or collapse of the center of a volcano. |
| Cinder Cone Volcano | a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as either volcanic clinkers, cinders, volcanic ash, or scoria that has been built around a volcanic vent. |
| Dike | a long, narrow, cross-cutting mass of igneous rock intruded into a fissure in older rock. |
| Hot Spot | to stop (a forest fire) at a hot spot. |
| Shield Volcano | a broad volcano built up from the repeated nonexplosive eruption of basalt to form a low dome or shield, usually having a large caldera at the summit |
| Sill | a tabular body of intrusive igneous rock, ordinarily between beds of sedimentary rocks or layers of volcanic ejecta. |
| Volcano | a vent in the earth's crust through which lava, steam, ashes, etc., are expelled, either continuously or at irregular intervals. |
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