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biology chap. 11
main points for chapter 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the scientific study of heredity called? | Genetics |
| What does it mean when pea plants are described as true-breeding? | That they were allowed to self pollinate, and they would produce offspring identical to themselves. |
| How did Mendel prevent pea plants from self-pollinating, and control their cross-pollination? | By cutting away the male part of a flower. Then he dusted a flower with pollen, from a second flower. |
| What are hybrids? | The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits. |
| What are genes? | Chemical factors that determine traits. |
| What are traits? | Specific charactoristics taht vary from one individual to another. |
| What are alleles? | The different forms of a gene. |
| What is the principle of dominance? | That some alleles are dominant and others are reccessive. |
| What are the dominant alleles in Mendel's pea plants? | Tall, and yellow. |
| About one fourth of F2 plants from Mendel's F1 crosses showed the trait controlled by the what allele? | Recessive. |
| What are gametes? | Sex cells. |
| What organisms have two identical alleles for the same particular trait? (TT or tt) | Homozygous. |
| What are organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait? (Tt) | Heterozygous. |
| Physical characteristcs of an organisms are called what? | Phenotype. |
| What is the genetic make up of an organism? | Genotype. |
| True or False: Plants with the same phenotype always have the same genotype. | False. |
| What do punnett squares do? | Predict outcomes. |
| what is TT? | Homozygous dominant. |
| what is tt? | homozygous recessive |
| What is Tt? | heterzygous or recessive |
| what are the steps for a punnett square? | 1)cross2)gametes possible3)male across and female down the side.4) fill in the possible outcomes5)the genotypic ratio6) the phenotypic ratio |
| Why is Gregor Mendal called "the father of genetics"? | Because his experiments contributed so much to that field of science. |
| Why did Gregor Mendel want to observe plants that differed only by a single trait? | he wanted to observe them to see which traits are dominant and which traits are recessive. |
| What were the seven traits that Mendel studied? | seed shape, pod shape, seed coat color, seed color, pod color, flower position, and plant height. |
| What are dominant traits? | Dominant traits will alwyas have that form. |
| What are recessive traits? | recessive traits only form when the dominant trait is not present. |
| What is the Stamen? | the male part of a plant. |
| What is the pistil? | the female part of the plant. |
| What is pollination? | The transfer of pollen from the male gamete to the female gamete. |
| what is self-pollination? | pollen fertilizes the egg cells in the very same flower. |
| What is cross pollination? | when pollen from one flower, fertilizes a different flower. |
| What is a two factor cross? | A dihybrid cross. |
| What does it mean when two sets of chromosomes are homologous? | It means that each of the 4 chromosomes that came from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female part. |
| what is the number for a diploid cell? | 2N |
| How many sets of chromosomes does a diploid cell have? | they have two sets of homologous chromosomes. |
| Why is Meiois described as a process of reduction division? | Because the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous. |
| What happens to the diploid cell that enters meiosis? | it becomes 4 haploid cells at the end of meiosis. |
| what are polar bodies? | cells produced in females that do not participate in reproduction. |
| What is incomplete dominance? | Neither allele is completely dominant |
| Codominance is ____? | When both traits are expressed. |
| Polygenic is _____? | Interaction of several genes you get a wide range of phenotypes. EX- human skin color. |
| Which phase is it when homologous chromosomes line up at the equator in pairs? | Metaphase |
| Which phase is it when the cell replicates its chromosomes? | Interphase 1 |
| Which phase is it when homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell? | Anaphase 2 |
| Which phase is it when the spindle forms and chromosomes coil up and come together in a tetrad? | prophase 1 |
| which phase is it when events occur in the reverse order from the events of prophase 1? | telophase 1 |
| Haploid? | A cell that contains only a single set of choromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes. |
| Diploid? | A cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes. |
| Tetrad? | 4 chromatids. |
| Crossing over? | the exchange of genetic material, happens during prophase 1 of meiosis 1. |
| At the end of mitosis? | 2 identical diploid cells |
| At meiosis? | 2 different haploid cells |
| At meiosis 2? | 4 different haploid cells. |
| What is a gene map? | diagram showing the relative locations of each known gene on a particular chromosome. |
| The farther apart two genes are, what is most likely to happen? | they are to be separated by crossing over. |
| each chromosome is actually a group of what? | linked genes. |
| multiple alleles are? | a situation in which a gene has more than two alleles |
| unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of what? | four haploid gamete cells. |
| to maintain the chromosome number of an organism, the gametes must what? | be reproduced by mitosis. |
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dumbxblondex777
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