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BIO Exam 2 - Stack 2
Being a Plant
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Many of the adaptations that appear to have emerged after land plants diverged from their algal relatives facilitated ___ and ___ on dry land. | - survival - reproduction |
| Plants have a hierarchical organization consisting of ___, ___, and ___. | - organs - tissues - cells |
| Different ___ generate new cells for primary and secondary growth. | meristems |
| The presence of land plants has enabled other life-forms – including animals – to survive on land. What does that mean? What do animals get from plants? | - photosynthetic organisms like plants produce oxygen and food (like carb.s) - animals benefit from both products - the roots of plants also create habitats by stabilizing soil |
| What are the four key traits of land plants? | - alternation of generations and multicellular, dependent embryos - walled spores produced in sporangia - multicellular gametangia - apical meristems |
| The life cycles of all land plants alternate between two generations of multicellular organisms: ___ and ___. Each generation gives rise to the other. | - gametophytes - sporophytes |
| alternation of generations | - a life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form (sporophyte) and a multicellular haploid form (gametophyte) - characteristic of plants and some algae |
| What exactly is a sporophyte and what does it produce? | - [in organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of generations,] the multicellular diploid form that results from the union of gametes (and development of the zygote) - produces haploid spore by meiosis |
| What exactly is a gametophyte and what does it produce? | - [in organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of generations,] the multicellular haploid form that develops from a spore via mitosis - produces haploid gametes by mitosis |
| Where is meiosis occurring during the alternation of generations? | in sporophytes during the production of spores |
| What process is giving rise to gametes during the alternation of generations? | mitosis in the gametophyte |
| What process is giving rise to the zygote during the alternation of generations? | union of two different haploid gametes; fertilization |
| Where is the embryo developing during the alternation of generations? | multicellular plant embryos develop from zygotes that are retained within the tissues of the "female" parent (a gametophyte) |
| What is a sporangium? Where are sporangia found? | - a multicellular organism in which meiosis occurs and haploid cells develop - part of the sporophytes where spores are made - (like gonads are parts of us where gametes are made) |
| By what process do sporangia produce spores? What does the spore wall do? | - spores are produced via meiosis - the spore wall is tough and resistant to harsh environments (allows 'em to be dispersed through dry air w/o harm) - the cell membrane by itself is not enough to hold in water and protect spores outside of sporangia |
| archegonium | - arche = origin - the "female" gametangium (multicellular plant structure) - a moist chamber in which gametes develop - like ovaries in humans |
| antheridium | - the "male" gametangium (multicellular plant structure) - a moist chamber in which gametes develop - like testes in humans |
| By what process are eggs and sperm produced? Where does fertilization take place? | - mitosis - sperm is released into the environment, travels to archegonium to fertilize the eggs |
| Where does the embryo develop? | within an archegonium |
| In liverworts, female and male gametophytes are separated. How do sperm get to eggs? | - sperm are released from antheridia - when it rains, drops hit the male gametophytes - sperm get in the water and are splashed onto female gametophytes - they can then swim to the archegonia and eggs |
| How does a plant get its food? Where does that happen? | - photosynthesis - mostly in leaves, can be in stems too |
| How does a plant get its water and mineral nutrients? Where does that happen? | - from the soil - in the root system |
| apical meristem | - apex = tip - embryonic plant tissue in the TIPS of roots and buds of shoots - the dividing cells of an apical meristem enable the plant to grow in length |
| What is growth like in plants compared to animals? | - plants (mostly...): indeterminate growth, cells enlarge, happens at apical meristems, cells differentiate - animals (mostly): determinate growth, cell number increases, happens in most tissues, cells lose ability to differentiate |
| How are growing tips protected? | - the root apical meristem is protected from the time it emerges by the root cap; sloughed off - “stemlike” tissue bends as a seedling emerges to minimize the force on the shoot tip - sheaths of tissue can form a protective tube around emerging shoots |
| Plants have a hierarchical organization consisting of ___, ___, and ___. | - organs - tissues - cells |
| tissue | an integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both |
| organ | a specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissue |
| What are roots and what are their functions? | - an organ in vascular plants - absorb water, nutrients, and oxygen - transport those to shoot system - anchor the plant - store food (starch) |
| taproot | a main vertical root that develops from an embryonic root and gives rise to lateral (branch) roots |
| What are lateral (branch) roots and what do they do? | - roots that arise from established roots, such as the taproot - increase surface area |
| What are root hairs and what do they do? | - tiny extensions of root epidermal cells, growing just behind the root tips - increases surface area even more for absorption of water and minerals |
| What are prop roots and what do they do? | - modified roots - aerial roots that arise from stems - they penetrate the soil from various directions to help support tall, top-heavy plants (especially when the soil is shallow and unstable) - ex. hala or mangroove trees |
| What are storage roots and what do they do? | - modified roots - roots that are specially modified for storage of starch and water - they usually grow underground for protection from plant-eating animals - ex. beets, carrots |
| What are strangling aerial roots and what do they do? | - modified roots - sent down from the tops of tall trees and become rooted in the soil - the roots surround the host trunk, eventually strangling the bark and killing the host tree |
| What are pneumatophores and what do they do? | - modified roots - "air roots" - roots that come out of the water - enable the root system to obtain oxygen |
| What are buttress roots and what do they do? | - modified roots - large, shallow roots common in tropical areas because most nutrients are only available at the surface level - extensive root system also provides larger surface area for absorption and architectural support for the large trees |
| What do plants use oxygen for? | - to produce energy when there is no sunlight (they respire just like animals do) - respiration combines oxygen and the food created during photosynthesis to produce usable energy - one of the byproducts of respiration is CO2 |
| What are stems and what are their functions? | - organs in vascular plants that consist of alternating systems of nodes and internodes - support, raise and separate the leaves to expose them to sunlight - raise reproductive structures to facilitate dispersal of pollen (wind, bees) and fruit (birds) |
| node | a point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached |
| internode | a segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached |
| axillary bud | - a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch - the bud appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem |
| apical bud | - a bud at the tip (apex) of a plant stem - also called a terminal bud - grows vertically |
| apical dominance | - the tendency for growth to be concentrated at the tip of a plant shoot, because the apical bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth via hormones - clipping the apical bud causes a plant to grow more laterally/bushy instead of vertically |
| What are rhizomes and what do they do? | - modified, underground stems - horizontal shoots that grow just below the surface - vertical shoots emerge from axillary buds on the rhizome - ex. ginger |
| What are stolons and what do they do? | - modified stems - horizontal shoots that grow along the surface - these "runners" enable a plant to reproduce asexually as plantlets form at nodes along each runner - ex. strawberry plant |
| What are tubers and what do they do? | - modified stems - enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons specialized for storing food - ex. potatoes - the "eyes" of a potato are clusters of axillary buds that mark the nodes |
| What are leaves and what are their functions? | - the main photosynthetic organ of vascular plants - carry out photosynthesis - protect the plant - carry out gas exchange (through stomata) |
| blade | the flattened portion of a typical leaf |
| petiole | - the stalk of a leaf - joins the leaf to a node of the stem - (not all plants have these) |
| simple leaf | - has a single blade (not divided into leaflets) - can be lobed |
| compound leaf | - blade consists of multiple leaflets - can tell its one leaf because there will only be one axillary bud at the base |
| What are tendrils and what do they do? | - modified leaves that cling to supports - some plants have weak stems, so the need tendrils to grow vertically - after a tendril has "lassoed" a support, it will form a coil that brings the plant closer to the support |
| What are spines and what do they do? | - modified leaves - protect the plant from predators - plants that have spines, like cacti, carry out photosynthesis in the stem |
| What are storage leaves and what do they do? | - modified leaves that layer and attach to a short stem - store food - the most common storage product is starch - ex. onion |
| What are reproductive leaves and what do they do? | - modified leaves - produce adventitious plantlets that fall off the leaf and take root in the soil - asexual reproduction |
| The basic plant organs (roots, stems, and leaves) are composed of ___, ___, and ___ tissues. | - dermal - vascular - ground |
| dermal tissue system | - the plant's outer protective covering - first line of defense against physical damage and pathogens |
| epidermis | - the dermal tissue system of nonwoody plants, usually consisting of a single later of tightly packed cells - protects the plant - helps with water retention |
| cuticle | a waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that prevents desiccation (drying out) of terrestrial plants |
| periderm | the protective coat that replaces the epidermis in woody plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium |
| trichomes | - hair-like outgrowths of the shoot epidermis - some are spiky or produce unpleasant tastes/odors to protect against predators - others reduce water loss and reflect excess light |
| What are the functions of the vascular tissue system? | to carry out long-distance transport of materials between the root and shoot systems |
| xylem | - vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plant - ONE WAY SYSTEM (root system -> stomata) |
| phloem | - vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant - from photosynthetic to not - TWO WAY SYSTEM (SOURCE TO SINK) |
| What are the functions of the ground tissue system? | - tissue that's not vascular or dermal - filler tissue, but also includes various cells specialized for functions such as storage, photosynthesis, and support |
| pith | ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue |
| cortex | ground tissue that is between the vascular and dermal tissue |
| parenchyma cells | - (para=beside/near, enchym=pour in) - a relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into a more differentiated cell type - living cells |
| collenchyma cells | - (coll=neck, enchym=pour in) - a flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth - living cells |
| sclerenchyma cells | - (scler=hard, enchym=pour in) - a rigid, supportive plant cell type possessing thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin at maturity - cells die at maturity |
| tracheid | - a long, tapered water-conducting cell found in the xylem of nearly all vascular plants - functioning tracheids are no longer living - narrower than vessels |
| vessel | - a continuous water-conducting micropipe found in the xylem of plants - wider than tracheids |
| sieve tube elements | - living cells that conduct sugars and other organic nutrients in the phloem - connected end to end, they form sieve tubes |
| companion cells | - plant cells that are connected to sieve tube elements by plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve one or more adjacent sieve tube elements - regulates flow of nutrients |
| Different ___ generate new cells for primary and secondary growth. | meristems |
| indeterminate growth | a type of growth characteristic in plants in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives |
| determinate growth | a type of growth characteristic of most animals and some plant organs (flowers and leaves) in which growth stops after a certain size is reached |
| apical meristem | - embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and buds of shoots - the dividing cells of an apical meristem enable the plant to grow in length |
| primary growth | - growth produced by apical meristems, lengthening roots and stems - all plants have primary growth |
| secondary growth | growth produced by lateral meristems, thickening the roots and shoots of woody plants |
| lateral meristems | - a meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants - eg. vascular and cork cambium |
| cork cambium | a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells |
| Epidermal cells are replaced by ___ and then ___. | - periderm - cork |
| vascular cambium | a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem |
Created by:
jessica.gvc
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