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Plate Tectonis
Earth Sci
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Asthenosphere | the highly viscous, mechanically weak and ductilely deforming region of the upper mantle of the Earth. |
| Continental Drift | the movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other, thus appearing to "drift" across the ocean bed. |
| Lithosphere | solid outer section of Earth |
| Pangaea | supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. |
| Plate | the crust and upper mantle |
| Plate tectonics | theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. |
| Seafloor Spreading | process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity |
| Abyssal plains | nderwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m |
| Trench | long, narrow ditch |
| Subduction zone | boundary where two tectonic plates collide and, because of differences in density, one dives beneath the other. |
| Convection | eat transfer by mass motion of a fluid such as air or water when the heated fluid is caused to move away from the source of heat, carrying energy with it. |
| Earthquake | a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action. |
| Epicenter | epicentrum is the point on the Earth's surface that is directly above the hypocentre or focus, the point where an earthquake or underground explosion originates. |
| Fault | planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock mass movement. |
| Focus | he point on the Earth's surface located directly above the focus of an earthquake. |
| Magnitude | the great size or extent of something. |
| Normal Fault | A geologic fault in which the hanging wall has moved downward relative to the footwall. Normal faults occur where two blocks of rock are pulled apart, as by tension. |
| Reverse Fault | exactly the opposite of normal faults. |
| P-Wave | P-waves are a type of body wave, called seismic waves in seismology, that travel through a continuum and are the first waves from an earthquake to arrive at a seismograph. |
| S-Wave | An S wave, or shear wave, is a seismic body wave that shakes the ground back and forth perpendicular to the direction the wave is moving. |
| Seismograph | an instrument that measures and records details of earthquakes, such as force and duration. |
| Strike-Slip Fault | a fault in which rock strata are displaced mainly in a horizontal direction, parallel to the line of the fault |
| Tsunami | A tsunami, also known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake |
| Batholith | a very large igneous intrusion extending deep in the earth's crust |
| Caldera | A caldera is a cauldron-like volcanic feature on large central volcanoes, a special sort of volcanic crater (from one to several kilometers in diameter), formed when a magma chamber was emptied. |
| Cinder Cone Volcano | A cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as either volcanic clinkers, cinders, volcanic ash, or scoria that has been built around a volcanic vent. |
| Dike | A natural or artificial slope or wall to regulate water levels, |
| Hot Spot | A place deep within the Earth where hot magma rises to just underneath the surface, creating a bulge and volcanic activity |
| Shield Volcano | A shield volcano is a type of volcano usually built almost entirely of fluid magma flows |
| Sill | a tabular sheet of igneous rock intruded between and parallel with the existing strata |
| Volcano | A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface |
| Anticline | a type of fold that is an arch-like shape and has its oldest beds at its core. |
| Syncline | folds in which each half of the fold dips toward the trough of the fold. |
| Tension | he state of being stretched tight. |
| Shear | a strain in the structure of a substance produced by pressure, when its layers are laterally shifted in relation to each other. |
| Uplift | vertical elevation of the Earth's surface in response to natural causes. Broad, relatively slow and gentle uplift is termed warping |
| Fissure | a crack in the earth's crust |
| Pyroclastic flow | a fast-moving current of hot gas and rock |
| Geyser | hot spring that intermittently sends up fountainlike jets of water |
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