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U7 Plate tectonics

QuestionAnswer
Asthenosphere The upper part of the Earth's mantle. lies beneath the lithosphere and consists of partially molten rock. Seismic waves passing through this layer are significantly slowed.
Abyssal Plains Very flat areas that make up most of the ocean floor.
Anticline A fold that arches upward; older rocks are in the center and younger rocks are at the outside.
Batholith An enormous body of granitic rock.
Continental drift The early 20th century hypothesis that the continents move about on Earth's surface.
Convection The movement of material due to differences in temperature.
Caldera Circular-shaped hole into which a volcano collapses during an eruption.
Cinder Cone Volcano A small volcano composed of small rock fragments piled on top of one another.
Dike A body of igneous rock that cuts across the structure of adjoining rock, usually as a result of the intrusion of magma
Earthquake Ground shaking caused by the release of energy stored in rocks.
Epicenter The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of the earthquake.
Fault A fracture along which one side has moved relative to the other.
Focus The point where rocks rupture during an earthquake.
Fissure A crack in the ground that may be the site of a volcanic eruption.
Geyser A fountain of hot water and steam that erupts onto the surface.
Hot Spot A plume of hot material that rises through the mantle and can cause volcanoes.
Lithosphere The layer of solid, brittle rock that makes up the Earth's surface; the crust and the uppermost mantle.
Magnitude The magnitude is a number that characterizes the relative size of an earthquake. Magnitude is based on measurement of the maximum motion recorded by a seismograph.
Normal Fault A dip-slip fault in which the hanging wall drops down relative to the footwall.
Pangaea a hypothetical continent including all the landmass of the earth prior to the Triassic period when it split into Laurasia and Gondwanaland.
Plate A slab of Earth's lithosphere that can move around on the planet's surface.
Plate Tectonics The theory that the Earth's surface is divided into lithospheric plates that move on the planet's surface. Plate tectonics is driven by convection currents within Earth's mantle.
P-wave Primary waves; arrive first at a seismograph.
Pyroclastic Flow Hot ash, gas, and rock that race down a volcano’s slopes during an eruption.
Reverse Fault A dip-slip fault in which the hanging wall pushes up relative to the footwall.
Seafloor Spreadin The mechanism for moving continents. The formation of new seafloor at spreading ridges pushes lithospheric plates on the Earth's surface.
Subduction Zone The area where two lithospheric plates come together and one sinks beneath the other.
S-wave Secondary waves; arrive second at a seismograph.
Seismograph An older type of seismometer in which a suspended, weighted pen wrote on a drum that moved with the ground.
Strike-Slip Fault A fault in which the dip of the fault plane is vertical.
Shield Volcano A shield-shaped volcano composed of fluid lavas.
Sill a tabular sheet intrusion that has intruded between older layers of sedimentary rock, beds of volcanic lava or tuff, or even along the direction of foliation in metamorphic rock.
Syncline A fold in the rocks that bends downward, in which the youngest rocks are at the center.
Shear Parallel stresses that move past each other in opposite directions.
Trench A deep gash in the seafloor; the deepest places on Earth.
Tsunami An enormous wave generated by vertical movement of the ocean floor during an underwater earthquake; tsunamis can also be caused by volcanic eruptions, landslides, or meteorite impacts. A deadly set of waves can rise high on a beach and travel far inland.
Tension Stresses that pull material in opposite directions.
Uplift The upward rise of rock material.
Volcano a rupture in the Earth's crust where molten lava, hot ash, and gases from below the Earth's crust escape into the air.
Created by: _i.c.a_
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