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Biotechnology Ch 13
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Genetic engineering | Technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert exogenous DNA (DNA from another organism) |
Genome | The total DNA present in the nucleus of each cell of an organism |
Restriction enzymes | Proteins that recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within that sequence. |
gel electrophoresis | A process in which an electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments. |
Recombinant DNA | A generated DNA molecule with DNA from different sources |
DNA ligase | an enzyme that joins two DNA fragments chemically. It joins fragments with sticky ends or blunt ends. |
Plasmids | small, circular, double stranded DNA molecules that occur naturally in bacteria and yeast that are used as vectors (cut with enzymes and DNA inserted) |
Transformation | A process in which bacterial cells take up recombinant plasmid DNA |
Cloning | Process in which large numbers of identical recombinant DNA molecules are produced. (copies of DNA using a plasmid vector) |
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | A technique that makes millions of copies of a specific region of a DNA fragment (amplification of DNA without using recombinant DNA vector) |
Transgenic organisms | Organisms such as plants, animals or bacteria that have been genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism. |
DNA fingerprinting | Separating DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis to observe distinct banding patterns that are unique to every individual. |
Bioinformatics | A field of study that creates and maintains databases of biological information for analysis |
DNA miocroarrays | Silicon chips or microscope slides with DNA fragments that allow many genes in a genome to be studied at once. |
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) | Single nucleotide substitutions that occur in more than 1% of the population. SNPs occurring within a gene create different alleles. SNPs can occur in noncoding regions. |
Haplotypes | Regions of linked variations in the human genome that tend to be inherited together |
Pharmacogenomics | The study of how genetic inheritance affects the body's response to drugs |
Gene therapy | A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause human diseases. |
Genomics | The study of an organism's genome |
Proteomics | The large-scale study and cataloging of the structure and function of proteins in the human body. |