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SHS Adv Biology 1
Biochemistry Vocabulary
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Organic compound | covalently bonded compound that contains carbon |
Monomer | simple molecule that can combine with other like or unlike molecules to make a polymer |
Polymer | large molecule that is formed by more than five monomers, or simple units |
Condensation reaction | a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule |
Hydrolysis | chemical reaction between water and another substance to form two or more new substances |
Carbohydrate | organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; provides nutrients to the cells of living things |
Monosaccharide | simple sugar that is the basic subunit or monomer of a carbohydrate |
Disaccharide | sugar formed from two monosaccharides |
DNA | material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics |
Polysaccharide | carbohydrates made up of long chains of simple sugars; examples include starch,cellulose, glycogen |
Protein | organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids |
Amino Acid | organic molecule that contains a carboxyl and an amino group; makes up a protein |
Enzyme | type of protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions without being permanently changed or destroyed |
Lipid | large, nonpolar organic molecule, including fats and steroids; store energy and make up cell membranes |
Nucleic Acid | organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains |
Phospholipid | lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes |
ATP | an organic molecule that acts as a main energy source for cell processes |
Nucleotide | nucleic acid chain consisting of a sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base |
Functional Group | portion of a molecule that is active in a chemical reaction and that determines the properties of many organic compounds |
Macromolecule | very large organic molecule |
Peptide Bond | chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid |
Polypeptide | a long chain of several amino acids |
Substrate | the reactant in reactions catalyzed by enzymes |
Active Site | site on an enzyme that attaches to substrate |
Wax | type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty-acid chain that is joined to a long alcohol chain |
Steroid | type of lipid that consists of four carbon rings to which various functional groups are attached |
RNA | a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and plays a role in protein synthesis |