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SHS Adv Biology 1
Biochemistry Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Organic compound | covalently bonded compound that contains carbon |
| Monomer | simple molecule that can combine with other like or unlike molecules to make a polymer |
| Polymer | large molecule that is formed by more than five monomers, or simple units |
| Condensation reaction | a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule |
| Hydrolysis | chemical reaction between water and another substance to form two or more new substances |
| Carbohydrate | organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; provides nutrients to the cells of living things |
| Monosaccharide | simple sugar that is the basic subunit or monomer of a carbohydrate |
| Disaccharide | sugar formed from two monosaccharides |
| DNA | material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics |
| Polysaccharide | carbohydrates made up of long chains of simple sugars; examples include starch,cellulose, glycogen |
| Protein | organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids |
| Amino Acid | organic molecule that contains a carboxyl and an amino group; makes up a protein |
| Enzyme | type of protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions without being permanently changed or destroyed |
| Lipid | large, nonpolar organic molecule, including fats and steroids; store energy and make up cell membranes |
| Nucleic Acid | organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains |
| Phospholipid | lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes |
| ATP | an organic molecule that acts as a main energy source for cell processes |
| Nucleotide | nucleic acid chain consisting of a sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base |
| Functional Group | portion of a molecule that is active in a chemical reaction and that determines the properties of many organic compounds |
| Macromolecule | very large organic molecule |
| Peptide Bond | chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid |
| Polypeptide | a long chain of several amino acids |
| Substrate | the reactant in reactions catalyzed by enzymes |
| Active Site | site on an enzyme that attaches to substrate |
| Wax | type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty-acid chain that is joined to a long alcohol chain |
| Steroid | type of lipid that consists of four carbon rings to which various functional groups are attached |
| RNA | a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and plays a role in protein synthesis |
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