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Unit 7 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Asthenosphere | the region below the lithosphere, variously estimated as being from fifty to several hundred miles thick |
| Continental Drift | the lateral movement of continents resulting from the motion of crustal plates |
| Lithosphere | the solid portion of the earth |
| Pangaea | the hypothetical landmass that existed when all continents were joined, from about 300 to 200 million years ago |
| Plate | each of the several rigid pieces of the earth's lithosphere that together make up the earth's surface |
| Plate Tectonics | the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core |
| Seafloor Spreading | a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge |
| Abyssal Plains | an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m |
| Trench | a long, narrow ditch |
| Subduction Zone | a boundary where two tectonic plates collide and, because of differences in density, one dives beneath the other |
| Convection | heat transfer by mass motion of a fluid such as air or water when the heated fluid is caused to move away from the source of heat, carrying energy with it |
| Earthquake | a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action |
| Epicenter | the point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake |
| Fault | (of a rock formation) be broken by a fault or faults |
| Focus | the point of origin of an earthquake |
| Magnitude | the great size or extent of something |
| Normal Fault | occur where two blocks of rock are pulled apart, as by tension |
| Reverse Fault | occur where two blocks of rock are forced together by compression |
| P-Wave | a type of body wave, called seismic waves in seismology, that travel through a continuum and are the first waves from an earthquake to arrive at a seismograph |
| S-Wave | a seismic body wave that shakes the ground back and forth perpendicular to the direction the wave is moving |
| Seismograph | an instrument that measures and records details of earthquakes, such as force and duration |
| Strike-Slip Fault | vertical (or nearly vertical) fractures where the blocks have mostly moved horizontally |
| Tsunami | a long high sea wave caused by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or other disturbance |
| Batholinth | a very large igneous intrusion extending deep in the earth's crust |
| Caldera | a cauldron-like volcanic feature on large central volcanoes, a special sort of volcanic crater |
| Cinder Cone Volcanoe | A cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as either volcanic clinkers, cinders, volcanic ash, or scoria that has been built around a volcanic vent |
| Dike | a long, narrow, cross-cutting mass of igneous rock intruded into a fissure in older rock |
| Hot Spot | an area of volcanic activity, especially where this is isolated |
| Shield Volcanoe | a broad, domed volcano with gently sloping sides, characteristic of the eruption of fluid, basaltic lava |
| Sill | a tabular sheet of igneous rock intruded between and parallel with the existing strata |
| Volcanoe | a rupture in the Earth's crust where molten lava, hot ash, and gases from below the Earth's crust escape into the air |
| Anticline | folds in which each half of the fold dips away from the crest |
| Syncline | folds in which each half of the fold dips toward the trough of the fold |
| Tension | the state of being stretched tight |
| Shear | break off or cause to break off, owing to a structural strain |
| Uplift | the upward movement of part of the earth's surface |
| Fissure | a long, narrow opening or line of breakage made by cracking or splitting, especially in rock or earth |
| Pyroclastic Flow | a fast-moving current of hot gas and rock |
| Geyser | a hot spring in which water intermittently boils, sending a tall column of water and steam into the air |
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