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Bio Today Ch4-6
Biology for Today Exam #2 Chapters 4-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Proteins | macromolecules; polymers made of covalently linked monomers (amino acids) |
| Amino Acid | organic molecule with both an amino group and a carboxyl group; monomers that make up proteins |
| What changes from amino acid to polypeptide? | the amino acid backbone |
| Peptide bond | special type of covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis between 2 amino acids |
| dipeptide | a pair of amino acids linked by a peptide bond |
| polypeptide | long chain (polymers) of amino acids linked by a peptide bond |
| Primary Structure of proteins | linear sequence of amino acids where each amino acid is linked by a peptide bond |
| Secondary Structure of proteins | alpha-helix beta-pleated sheet |
| Tertiary Structure of proteins | |
| Quaternary Structure | when several polypeptides interact with each other |
| Collagen | fibrous protein composed of long peptide chains woven together to form fibers |
| Keratin | fibrous, structural protein found in scales, horns, wool, nails and feathers |
| Silk | fibrous protein |
| Globular proteins | includes enzymes, antibodies, etc. |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| Replication | DNA synthesis |
| Transcription | RNA synthesis |
| Translation | protein synthesis |
| Nucleotides | monomers of nucleic acids |
| Robert Hooke | first to visualize the cell in 1665 |
| Antoni van Leewenhoek | first to visualize a living cell in 1674 |
| Matthew Schleiden | proposed all plants are composed of cells in 1838 |
| Theodor Schwann | proposed all animals consist of cells in 1839 |
| Rudolf Virchow | first proposed that all cells arise from preexisting cells in 1858 |
| Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) | -used to study the cells interior -theoretical resolving power 0.5nm -practical resolving power 2.0nm |
| Scanning Electron Microscope | -used for 3D imaging of structures -resolving power of 10nm |
| Plasma Membrane | separates each cell from its environment, creating a segregated, but not isolated compartment; consist of a phospholipid bilayer |
| Functions of the Membrane | - selectively permeable - important in communicating with adjacent cells and receiving signals - allows maintaining of homeostasis |
| Prokaryotic Cells | - can live off more different and diverse energy sources than any other living thing - can inhabit greater environment extremes - generally smaller than eukaryotic cells - single cell, sometimes found in groups |
| Eukaryotic Cells | - found in plants, animals, fungi and protists - have two things not usually found in prokaryotes: cytoskeleton and membranous compartment |
| Nucleus | stores most of the cell's DNA; usually the largest organelle in an eukaryotic cell |
| Functions of the Nucleus | 1) site of DNA duplication to support cell reproduction 2) site of DNA control of cellular activities 3) nucleolus is the site of synthesis of RNA |
| Ribosome | used in prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells to synthesize proteins |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | system of interconnected membranes branching throughout the cytoplasm ** can be found as tubes or flattened sacs |
| Rough ER | - studded with ribosomes - may be continuous with the nuclear envelope - modifies proteins - transport vesicles |
| Smooth ER | - lacks ribosomes attached to it - many different functions, often pertinent to cell type |
| The Golgi Apparatus (Golgi) | - discovered initially by Camillo Golgi in 1898 - existence not confirmed until 1950's and advent of TEM **consists of flattened sacs (cisternae) and small membrane-enclosed vesicles |
| Two Poles of Golgi | 1) Cis-face (receiving) 2) Trans-face (shipping) |
| What happens in the Golgi? | modification of proteins |
| Two Organelles in Eukaryotic Cells that Process Energy | Chloroplasts and Mitochondria |
| Mitochondrion | - double membrane organelle - number per cell will vary |
| Mitochondrial Matrix | - region enclosed by inner membrane - contains the DNA and ribosomes needed to make some of the proteins used in cellular respiration |
| Mitochondrial DNA | - exists as a circular DNA molecule - attached to the inner membrane of the mitochondria - maternally inherited |
| What is energy? | the ability to do work |
| potential energy | energy which is stored or at rest |
| kinetic energy | energy in action or at work |
| Types of Energy | - Total energy (enthalpy) = H - Usable energy (free) = G - Unusable energy (entropy) = S - Absolute Temperature = T |
| 1st Law of Thermodynamics | Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it only changes from one form to another; energy is conserved. |
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | The total energy of a system always decreases and results in an increase in entropy or disorder. |
| closed energy system | system which is not exchanging energy with its surroundings |
| open energy system | system which exchanges matter and energy with its surroundings |
| spontaneous reaction | when a reaction goes to more than halfway to completion without an input of free energy -- release free energy |
| non spontaneous reaction | proceed only with an input of free energy from the environment |
| What are enzymes? | biological catalysts; speed up reactions without being consumed in the reaction |
| catalyst | molecule that facilitates a reaction without itself being consumed in the reaction |
| Coenzymes | relatively small compared with the enzyme to which they temporarily bind |
| Characteristics of Enzymes | - enzymes have an optimal temperature at which they operate most efficiently - enzymes have an optimal pH - specific in the reactions that they catalyze |
| Factors affecting enzymatic activity | - substrate concentration vs. rate of reaction - temperature vs. rate of reaction - pH vs. rate of reaction |
| turnover number | the number of molecules of substrate converted by an enzyme molecule per unit of time |
| Enzyme Inhibitors | - normal binding - competitive inhibition - noncompetitive inhibition |
Created by:
NPEllis
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