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Bio L2 Cells
NCEA Level 2 Biology Life Processes at the Cellular Level AS 91156
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| active site | The part of an enzyme to which the substrate(s) bind. |
| active transport | The movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient, or in bulk. This requires energy. |
| aerobic respiration | Respiration which requires oxygen. |
| anaerobic respiration | Respiration which does not require oxygen. |
| anaphase | The stage in mitosis in which sister chromatids separate by moving to opposite ends of the cell. |
| ATP | The form of energy used by all living things. |
| base pairing rule | A with T (adenine with thymine), and C with G (cytosine with guanine). |
| Calvin cycle | A series of reactions in the stroma of chloroplasts in which carbon dioxide is incorporated into glucose. Also called the light-independent phase or carbon fixation. |
| cell | The basic unit of life and the building block of all living things. |
| cell cycle | The series of events that take place in a cell, leading to its division. It includes interphase, mitosis (including prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase) and cytokinesis. |
| cell division | When a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. The two types are mitosis and meiosis. |
| cell membrane | A semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of all cells, controlling the entry and exit of substances. |
| cell wall | Cellulose layer that surrounds plant cells (outside the cell membrane). |
| cellulose | Substance that plant cell walls are made of. |
| centromere | The point at which sister chromatids (two halves of a replicated chromosome) are joined together. |
| chlorophyll | A green pigment inside chloroplasts which captures light energy for photosynthesis. |
| chloroplast | Organelle which is the site of photosynthesis. |
| chromosome | Structure in the nucleus of cells which is made of DNA and protein and contains genetic information. |
| co-factor | Specific chemical which must be present for a particular enzyme to function. |
| concentration gradient | Difference in particle concentration between two regions. |
| cristae | Folds on the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. |
| cytoplasm | Jelly-like contents of the cell, located between the cell membrane and the nucleus. |
| denature | When the shape of an enzyme's active site is altered and the substrate(s) can no longer bind. |
| diffusion | The movement of particles, through random motion, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
| DNA | A double helix of linked nucleotides, carrying the genetic information of an organism. |
| DNA polymerase | An enzyme which builds a complementary strand of DNA during DNA replication, using free nucleotides inside the nucleus. |
| DNA replication | Process in which an exact copy of the DNA is made prior to cell division, so that there is a full set of genetic information available in each cell after cell division has occurred. |
| endocytosis | Active transport in which the cell membrane surrounds a substance and pinches off, enclosing it within a vesicle inside the cell. |
| enzyme | A biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of a reaction inside an organism. It is a type of protein and lowers the energy needed for a reaction to take place. |
| enzyme inhibitor | A substance that decreases an enzyme's activity by binding to the enzyme. |
| exocytosis | Active transport in which a membrane-bound vesicle inside the cell fuses with the cell membrane, releasing its contents outside the cell. |
| facilitated diffusion | Movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a cell membrane via special proteins called channel proteins or carrier proteins. Passive transport; does not require energy. |
| genome | All the DNA sequences of an organism. |
| glycolysis | The first stage of respiration, in which glucose is broken down into pyruvate. This occurs in the cytoplasm. |
| grana | Stacks of thylakoid discs found inside chloroplasts. |
| homologous chromosomes | A pair of similar-shaped chromosomes, each having genes for the same traits located at the same places. One chromosome of each pair is inherited from each parent. |
| induced fit model | Newer model for how enzymes work – the active site of the enzyme can temporarily change shape for the substrate(s) to bind to it. |
| ion pump | A protein in a cell membrane that moves ions across, against their concentration gradient (active transport; energy required). |
| lactic acid | Waste product of anaerobic respiration in the muscles; can cause muscle fatigue. |
| lagging strand | This is the strand of DNA which must be made in short sections during DNA replication. |
| leading strand | This is the strand of DNA which is able to be made continuously during DNA replication. |
| light-dependent phase | The first phase of photosynthesis, in which water is split using light energy. Also called the light reaction or photolysis. |
| lock and key model | Old model for how enzymes work – the substrate can only fit into the enzyme if it is an exact match to the shape of the active site. |
| matrix | The fluid-filled space enclosed by the inner membrane of mitochondria. It contains many enzymes which can function on the large surface area created by the cristae. |
| metabolism | All the reactions occurring inside the cells of an organism. |
| metaphase | The stage in mitosis in which chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. |
| mitochondrion | Organelle which is the site of respiration. |
| mitosis | A type of cell division leading to the formation of two daughter cells, each with an identical set of chromosomes. |
| nucleotide | Molecule consisting of a phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogenous base. |
| nucleus | Structure in cell containing the genetic information which controls the activity of the cell. |
| Okazaki fragments | The short sections of DNA made during DNA replication and joined together to form the lagging strand. |
| organ | A group of tissues with a particular function. |
| organelle | Various structures within the cytoplasm which have specific functions. Most are enclosed within their own membrane e.g. mitochondria, chloroplasts. |
| organism | Any individual living thing. |
| osmosis | The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane. |
| passive transport | Movement of chemicals into or out of a cell without any energy cost to the cell (e.g. diffusion, osmosis). |
| photosynthesis | A process in plants in which carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose (and oxygen) using light energy. |
| photosynthesis equation | CO2 + H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + O2 |
| photosynthesis word equation | Carbon dioxide + water + light energy -> glucose + oxygen |
| plasmolysis | Occurs in plant cells where the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall as a result of water loss through osmosis. |
| protein | A molecule made up of amino acids and assembled at the ribosomes. |
| replicated chromosome | A chromosome which contains two (identical) sister chromatids. Forms as a result of DNA replication. |
| respiration | Process in which glucose is broken down to release energy in the form of ATP. |
| respiration equation | C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (ATP) |
| respiration word equation | Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP) |
| ribosome | Small organelle which is the site of protein synthesis. |
| semi-conservative | The term to describe that each DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly-made complementary strand. |
| sister chromatids | The two (identical) halves of a replicated chromosome. Form as a result of DNA replication. |
| stomata | Tiny openings on a leaf surface which allow gases to be exchanged. |
| stroma | The fluid surrounding the grana inside a chloroplast. |
| substrate | The molecule(s) on which an enzyme acts. |
| surface area : volume ratio | For a given volume (size), cells need a large surface area across which substances (raw materials and waste products) can be transported. This is important for diffusion to be effective. |
| thylakoid | A flattened membrane disc inside a chloroplast; contains chlorophyll. |
| tissue | A group of cells of the same type. |
| turgid | A plant cell which has built up pressure by taking up water by osmosis. |
| vacuole | Liquid-filled cavity within the cell cytoplasm. Large in plant cells. |
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