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Bio L2 Cells

NCEA Level 2 Biology Life Processes at the Cellular Level AS 91156

TermDefinition
active site The part of an enzyme to which the substrate(s) bind.
active transport The movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient, or in bulk. This requires energy.
aerobic respiration Respiration which requires oxygen.
anaerobic respiration Respiration which does not require oxygen.
anaphase The stage in mitosis in which sister chromatids separate by moving to opposite ends of the cell.
ATP The form of energy used by all living things.
base pairing rule A with T (adenine with thymine), and C with G (cytosine with guanine).
Calvin cycle A series of reactions in the stroma of chloroplasts in which carbon dioxide is incorporated into glucose. Also called the light-independent phase or carbon fixation.
cell The basic unit of life and the building block of all living things.
cell cycle The series of events that take place in a cell, leading to its division. It includes interphase, mitosis (including prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase) and cytokinesis.
cell division When a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. The two types are mitosis and meiosis.
cell membrane A semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of all cells, controlling the entry and exit of substances.
cell wall Cellulose layer that surrounds plant cells (outside the cell membrane).
cellulose Substance that plant cell walls are made of.
centromere The point at which sister chromatids (two halves of a replicated chromosome) are joined together.
chlorophyll A green pigment inside chloroplasts which captures light energy for photosynthesis.
chloroplast Organelle which is the site of photosynthesis.
chromosome Structure in the nucleus of cells which is made of DNA and protein and contains genetic information.
co-factor Specific chemical which must be present for a particular enzyme to function.
concentration gradient Difference in particle concentration between two regions.
cristae Folds on the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.
cytoplasm Jelly-like contents of the cell, located between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
denature When the shape of an enzyme's active site is altered and the substrate(s) can no longer bind.
diffusion The movement of particles, through random motion, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
DNA A double helix of linked nucleotides, carrying the genetic information of an organism.
DNA polymerase An enzyme which builds a complementary strand of DNA during DNA replication, using free nucleotides inside the nucleus.
DNA replication Process in which an exact copy of the DNA is made prior to cell division, so that there is a full set of genetic information available in each cell after cell division has occurred.
endocytosis Active transport in which the cell membrane surrounds a substance and pinches off, enclosing it within a vesicle inside the cell.
enzyme A biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of a reaction inside an organism. It is a type of protein and lowers the energy needed for a reaction to take place.
enzyme inhibitor A substance that decreases an enzyme's activity by binding to the enzyme.
exocytosis Active transport in which a membrane-bound vesicle inside the cell fuses with the cell membrane, releasing its contents outside the cell.
facilitated diffusion Movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a cell membrane via special proteins called channel proteins or carrier proteins. Passive transport; does not require energy.
genome All the DNA sequences of an organism.
glycolysis The first stage of respiration, in which glucose is broken down into pyruvate. This occurs in the cytoplasm.
grana Stacks of thylakoid discs found inside chloroplasts.
homologous chromosomes A pair of similar-shaped chromosomes, each having genes for the same traits located at the same places. One chromosome of each pair is inherited from each parent.
induced fit model Newer model for how enzymes work – the active site of the enzyme can temporarily change shape for the substrate(s) to bind to it.
ion pump A protein in a cell membrane that moves ions across, against their concentration gradient (active transport; energy required).
lactic acid Waste product of anaerobic respiration in the muscles; can cause muscle fatigue.
lagging strand This is the strand of DNA which must be made in short sections during DNA replication.
leading strand This is the strand of DNA which is able to be made continuously during DNA replication.
light-dependent phase The first phase of photosynthesis, in which water is split using light energy. Also called the light reaction or photolysis.
lock and key model Old model for how enzymes work – the substrate can only fit into the enzyme if it is an exact match to the shape of the active site.
matrix The fluid-filled space enclosed by the inner membrane of mitochondria. It contains many enzymes which can function on the large surface area created by the cristae.
metabolism All the reactions occurring inside the cells of an organism.
metaphase The stage in mitosis in which chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
mitochondrion Organelle which is the site of respiration.
mitosis A type of cell division leading to the formation of two daughter cells, each with an identical set of chromosomes.
nucleotide Molecule consisting of a phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogenous base.
nucleus Structure in cell containing the genetic information which controls the activity of the cell.
Okazaki fragments The short sections of DNA made during DNA replication and joined together to form the lagging strand.
organ A group of tissues with a particular function.
organelle Various structures within the cytoplasm which have specific functions. Most are enclosed within their own membrane e.g. mitochondria, chloroplasts.
organism Any individual living thing.
osmosis The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
passive transport Movement of chemicals into or out of a cell without any energy cost to the cell (e.g. diffusion, osmosis).
photosynthesis A process in plants in which carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose (and oxygen) using light energy.
photosynthesis equation CO2 + H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + O2
photosynthesis word equation Carbon dioxide + water + light energy -> glucose + oxygen
plasmolysis Occurs in plant cells where the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall as a result of water loss through osmosis.
protein A molecule made up of amino acids and assembled at the ribosomes.
replicated chromosome A chromosome which contains two (identical) sister chromatids. Forms as a result of DNA replication.
respiration Process in which glucose is broken down to release energy in the form of ATP.
respiration equation C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (ATP)
respiration word equation Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)
ribosome Small organelle which is the site of protein synthesis.
semi-conservative The term to describe that each DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly-made complementary strand.
sister chromatids The two (identical) halves of a replicated chromosome. Form as a result of DNA replication.
stomata Tiny openings on a leaf surface which allow gases to be exchanged.
stroma The fluid surrounding the grana inside a chloroplast.
substrate The molecule(s) on which an enzyme acts.
surface area : volume ratio For a given volume (size), cells need a large surface area across which substances (raw materials and waste products) can be transported. This is important for diffusion to be effective.
thylakoid A flattened membrane disc inside a chloroplast; contains chlorophyll.
tissue A group of cells of the same type.
turgid A plant cell which has built up pressure by taking up water by osmosis.
vacuole Liquid-filled cavity within the cell cytoplasm. Large in plant cells.
Created by: nztcowen
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