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Unit 3: AP Bio
Chapters 6,9,10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Is cellular respiration a catabolic or anabolic pathway? | catabolic |
| What completes cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells? | mitochondria |
| What is fermentation? | degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen, yields ATP |
| What is the difference between oxidation and reduction? | oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gaining of electrons |
| What type of reactions involve electron transfers? | redox reactions |
| What are the three parts of aerobic cellular respiration? | glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain |
| Where does glycolysis occur? | cytosol |
| What is the significance of glycolysis? | All organisms do it, probably the first evolved pathway |
| What are the two phases of glycolysis? | Energy investment- use ATP Energy payoff- 4 ATP |
| 2 pyruvate, 2 water molecules, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 H+ are the net products of what part of cellular respiration? | glycolysis |
| How is a smaller amount of ATP produced through glycolysis and the Krebs cycle? | substrate-level phosphorylation |
| What occurs during the Krebs cycle? | a derivative of pyruvate is decomposed to CO2, needs oxygen |
| Where does the Krebs cycle occur? | mitochondrial matrix |
| At the beginning of the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is first converted to a compound called... | acetyl CoA, acetyl coenzyme A |
| Where does the electron transport chain occur in the cell? | inner membrane of the mitochondria |
| How many ATP are produced after the electron transport chain is complete? | 36-38 ATP |
| What powers the ATP synthase? | diffusion of H+ through the ATP synthase, proton-motive force |
| What does the ETC use to create about 34 ATP? | oxidative phosphorylation |
| What are the two types of anerobic respiration? | alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation |
| What type of fermentation converts pyruvate to ethanol? | alcoholic |
| How do human muscle cells make ATP when oxygen is scarce? | lactic acid fermentation |
| How do cells create other nutrients that the body needs, instead of ATP? | biosynthesis, anabolic pathways |
| What are the products of the Krebs cycle? | release of CO2, 1 ATP, pass electrons to 3 NAD+ and 1 FAD |
| Organisms that produce their own organic molecules from CO2 are called | autotrophs |
| What are the biosphere's consumers? | heterotrophs |
| Where is gas released from the plant leaf? | stomata |
| Where do the light reactions take place in the chloroplast? | thylakoids |
| In what part of the chloroplasts do the dark reactions occur? | stroma |
| Where are the chloroplasts found on a plant's leaf? | mesophyll-tissue in the interior of the leaf |
| Why is water split during photosynthesis? | replace electrons being excited by visible light |
| What are the two steps of light reactions? | noncyclic electron flow and cyclic electron flow |
| What part of photosynthesis involves carbon fixation? | calvin cycle |
| Light consists of discrete particles called... | photons |
| As light meets matter, it may be... | reflected, transmitted,or absorbed |
| How can a pigment's absorption be measured? | spectrophotometer |
| What are the three main types of pigments in the chloroplast? | chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids |
| What is the function of a photosystem? | absorb light for photosynthesis |
| What is located in the reaction center? | chlorophyll a and the primary electron acceptor |
| An excited electron from the reaction-center chlorophyll is captured by a specialized molecule called... | the primary electron acceptor |
| Which photosystem is best at absorbing 680 nm wavelength light? | photosystem 2 |
| What is synthesized by light in the two photosystems? | NADPH and ATP |
| Where do the electrons from photosystem 2 go after they have completed the ETC? | the reaction center of photosystem 1 to replace the excited electrons |
| The falling of electrons to a lower energy level releases energy which is harvested by the thylakoid membrane to produce... | ATP, by photophosphorylation |
| NADPH is produced in photosystem 1 and is passed to the Calvin cycle for... | the power to synthesize sugar |
| What is the goal of cyclic electron flow? | produce enough ATP to keep up with higher consumption in the Calvin cycle |
| The extra H+(electrons) given off during the light reactions is used to power... | the ATP synthase |
| What is produced during the Calvin cycle? | G3P, a three carbon sugar |
| How many times must the Calvin cycle occur to create one molecule of the sugar? | three |
| What enzyme catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle? | RuBP, rubisco |
| How many ATP are used to complete 1 turn of the Calvin cycle? | 9 ATP, only 6 NADPH |
| 6 G3P molecules are produced but only one is released. What happens to the other 5? | used to regenerate RuBP |
| Plants that have an initial fixation of carbon via rubisco are called... | C3 plants |
| After the ATP and NADPH are used in the Calvin cycle, the leftover ADP and NADP+ are... | returned to the light reactions |
| What occurs before the Calvin cycle in C4 plants? | incorporation of CO2 into organic compounds in the mesophyll cells |
| How do CAM plants complete photosynthesis? | opening stomata during the night and closing it during the day, At night, the plants take up CO2 and store it. |
| What are the two laws of thermodynamics? | First- Conservation of energy, can't be created or destroyed 2nd- when energy changes form, entropy increases |
| Energy that can do work under cellular conditions is called | free energy |
| What type of reactions are needed to create ATP? | Coupling of exergonic and endergonic |
| Enzymes lower this to speed up reactions. | Activation energy |
| What effects the structure of an enzyme? | temperature and pH |
| What is required for an enzyme to function correctly? | cofactors |
| How do noncompetitive inhibitors restrict an enzyme's function? | bind to a different site on the enzyme |
Created by:
hboatright
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