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Biology Ch. 4
The molecules of life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Organic Compounds | Compounds that contain carbon |
| Organic Chemistry | Study of Organic Compounds |
| Hydrocarbons | Molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen |
| Functional Groups | The group of atoms in an organic molecule that participate in chemical reactions |
| Macromolecules | Large molecules |
| Polymers | Large molecules formed by stringing together smaller molecules |
| Monomers | Small molecules |
| Dehydration Reaction | Chemical reaction that removes a molecule of water/How cells link together monomers |
| Hydrolysis | Cells break bonds between monomers by adding water to them |
| Carbohydrates | Include the small sugar molecules and long starch molecules/Serve as primary source of dietary energy in animals and building material that forms most of the plant's body |
| Monosaccharides | Simple sugars |
| List The Functional Groups | Hydroxyl O-H Carbonyl C=O Amino N-H-H Carboxyl C=O-OH |
| Examples of Monosaccharides | Fructose and Glucose |
| Molecular Formula for Glucose/Fructose | C H O 6 12 6 |
| Isomers | Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures |
| Disaccharides | Double sugar constructed from two monosaccharides through dehydration reaction |
| Examples of Disaccharides | Maltose, Lactose and Sucrose |
| Lactose | Made from glucose and galactose |
| Sucrose | A glucose linked to a fructose |
| Maltose | Two glucose |
| Americans Consume This Amount of Sugar Each Year | 140 pounds |
| Sugar is a Major Cause of This | Tooth Decay |
| Polysaccharides | Long chains of sugar units |
| Examples of Polysaccharides | Starch,Glycogen and Cellulose |
| Starch | Many glucose monomers strung together |
| The Form of Excess Sugar Stored in Animals | Glycogen |
| Cellulose | Most abundant organic compound on earth/Component in cell walls |
| Hydrophilic | Water loving |
| All Carbs Are This | Hydrophilic |
| Lipids | Organic compounds consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked together by nonpolar covalent bonds |
| Hydrophobic | Fearing Water |
| All Lipids Are This | Hydrophobic |
| Fat | Consists mainly of molecules of triglycerides |
| Triglyceride | Made of a glycerol molecule joined with three fatty acid molecules |
| Unsaturated | Has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms at the double bond location |
| Saturated | Contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms |
| If One or More of The Fatty Acids is Unsaturated Then it's This | Unsaturated |
| Saturated Fats: | Stack easily, are solids at room temperature |
| Unsaturated Fats: | Bent shape means they can't stack up easily, are liquids at room temperature |
| Hyrdogenation | Adding hydrogen to convert unsaturated fat to saturated fat |
| Trans Fat | type of unsaturated fat that is produced by hydrogenation and is more unhealthy then saturated fat |
| Steroids | A type of lipid whose carbon skeleton is bent into four fused rings |
| Examples of Steroids | Cholesterol, testosterone and estrogen |
| Cholesterol | Base steriod that produces testosterone and estrogen, essential molecule |
| Anabolic Steroid | Synthetic variants of testosterone, the male sex hormone, Mimics its effects |
| Proteins | Most elaborate of life's molecules, polymers constructed from 20 common amino acids |
| Types of Proteins | Structural, Storage, Contractile, Transport, Defensive and Signal |
| Amino Acids | Building blocks of proteins, contains amino group, carboxyl group and a hydrogen atom and a side/radical group |
| Peptide Bond | resulting bond between adjacent amino acids |
| Proteins Consist of This Many Amino Acids | 100 or more |
| Polypeptide | Chain of amino acids (100 or more) |
| Levels of Protein Structure | Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary |
| Primary Structure of Protein | Unique sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain |
| Secondary Structure of Protein | alpha helix or pleated sheet, reinforced by hydrogen bonds along the polypeptide bond |
| Tertiary Structure of Protein | Overall 3-D shape, reinforced by chemical bonds between the side groups of amino acids |
| Quaternary Structure of Protein | Proteins consisting of two or more polypeptide chains |
| Denaturation | When protein unravels or loses its normal shape due to changes in temperature, PH or another enviornment quality |
| Nucleic Acids | Information storage molecules that provide direction for building proteins, located in the nuclei or eukaryotic cells |
| Two Types of Nucleic Acids | RNA and DNA |
| DNA | stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid, contains genetic material |
| Genes | Inside DNA, program the amino acid sequences of proteins |
| RNA | stands for Ribonucleic acid, help translate "nucleic acid language" to "protein language" |
| Nucleotides | Building blocks of Nucleic Acids |
| Three Parts of a Nucleotide | 1. A 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose-DNA Ribose-RNA) 2. A Phosphate 3. A Nitrogenous Base (Adenine,guanine,cytosine or thymine-DNA) (Adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil-RNA) |
| Sugar-Posphate Backbone | A repeating pattern of sugar/posphate/sugar/poshate |
| Double Helix | DNA shape, 2 polynucleotides wrapped around each other |
| Single Strand | RNA shape |
| Atherosclerosis | Plaque builds up within the walls of blood vessels, reducing blood flow and increase risk of heart attacks and strokes |
Created by:
wellmaybeiam
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