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Markle-Unit 1
Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define a trace element | elements required by an organism in only minute quantities |
| define atomic number | number of protons of an element, unique to that element |
| define mass number | number of protons plus neutrons |
| define atomic weight | mass number is the approximation of atomic weight because almost all of atom's mass is concentrated in the nucleus |
| define isotope | element with same number of protons, different number of neutrons, slightly different masses but same chemical reactions |
| define radioactive isotope | unstable because nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy, may decay by changing number of protons thus becoming a different element |
| define energy | the ability to do work |
| define covalent bond | sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms |
| define molecule | two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| define electronegativity | the attraction of an atom for electrons |
| define nonpolar covalent bond | electrons are equally shared |
| define ionic bond | the attraction of an anion to a cation |
| what's the difference btwn a cation and an anion? | cation is a positive ion while anion is a negative ion |
| define a salt | compounds formed by ionic bonds |
| name two strong and two weak types of bonds | strong: covalent and ionic weak: hydrogen and van der waals |
| define hydrogen bond | hydrogen atom covalently bonded to electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom |
| define van der waals interactions | ever changing areas of positive and negative charge that enable atoms/molecules to stick to each other |
| define polar molecules | opposite ends of molecule has opposite charges |
| define cohesion | what gives water more structure than other liquids, hydrogen bonds hold substance together |
| define adhesion | clinging of one substance to another |
| define surface tension | measure of how difficult it is to stretch/break the surface of a liquid |
| define temperature | measure of the intensity of heat due to the avg kinetic energy of the molecules |
| define specific heat | amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost by 1g of a substance by 1 degree celsius |
| define heat of vaporization | the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state |
| define evaporative cooling | as liquid evaporates, surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down |
| define hydration shell | sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion |
| distinguish between hydrophilic substances and hydrophobic substances | substance that has affinity for water is hydrophilic, substance that repels water is hydrophobic (usually nonpolar or nonionic) |
| define molecular weight | sum of the weights of all the atoms in a molecule |
| define molarity | the number of moles of solute per liter of solution, unit of concentration for aqueous solutions |
| distinguish between acid and base | acids increase the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution and bases decrease the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
| define buffer | substances that minimize changes in the concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in a solution |
| define organic chemistry | chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds |
| define hydrocarbon | the organic molecules consisting only of hydrogen and carbon |
| define isomers | compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and hence different properties |
| name and describe the three types of isomers | structural- differ in covalent arrangements of their atoms geometric- same covalent partnerships but differ in spatial arrangements enantiomers- mirror images of eachother |
| define functional groups | components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions |
| define hydroxyl group | hydrogen atom bonded to oxygen atom bonded to carbon skeleton of organic molecule, organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups are called alcohols |
| define carbonyl group | consists of a carbon atom joined to oxygen atom by a double bond, orgranic compound containing carbonyl is called an aldehyde if carbonyl is at the end of carbon skeleton, otherwise it's called a ketone |
| define carboxyl group | oxygen atom double bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to a hydroxyl group, compounds containing carboxyl groups are called carboxylic acids |
| define amino group | consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton, organic compounds with amino group are called amines |
| define sulfhydryl group | sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hyrdrogen, organic compounds with sulfhydryl groups are called thiols |
| define polymer | long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks (monomers) linked by covalent bonds |
| define dehydration reaction | through loss of a water molecule, monomers are covalently bonded to each other |
| define hydrolysis | polymers are disassembled by this process, where bonds between monomers are broken by the addition of water molecules |
| define monosaccaride | building blocks of polysaccarides, when two monosaccharides join they form a disaccharide linked by a glycosidic linkage |
| define starch | storage polysaccharide made entirely of glucose monomers |
| define cellulose | polysaccharide major component of tough walls that enclose plant cells |
| define chitin | polysaccharideused by arthropods to build their exoskeletons |
| define lipid | macromolecule that are grouped together because of their affinity for water. |
| define fat | constructed from 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids, linked by an ester linkage, AKA triacylglycerol |
| define fatty acid | long carbon skeleton attached to a carboxyl group attached to hydrocarbon chain |
| distinguish between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat | sat fat is flat and saturated with hydrogen while unsaturated fat is kinky and has hydrogens removed |
| define phospholipid | similar to fats, but only 2 fatty acids rather than three, third hydroxyl group of glycerol is joined to a phosphate group |
| define protein | monomer is amino acid and polymer is polypeptide. protein is one or more polypeptides folded into different formations, amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds |
| define primary structure | unique sequence of amino acids |
| define secondary structure | coils and folds of a polypeptide chain, usually two types: alpha helix: hydrogen bond at every 4 amino acid beta pleated sheet: two or more regions of polypeptide lie parallel to each other |
| define tertiary structure | overall shape of polypeptide |
| define quaternary structure | overall structure of two or more polypeptides |
| define denaturation | uncoiling of a protein |
| define chaperonin | protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins |
| what are the two types of nucleic acids and what are their purposes | DNA: genetic material that replicates itself, directs RNA synthesis RNA: controls protein synthesis |
| define/distinguish btwn pyrimidine and purine | nitrogenous bases, pyrimidine six membered ring of carbon/nitrogen atoms purine is six membered ring fused to a five membered ring. |
| what are the three parts of a nucleotide? | nitrogenous base, pentose, and phosphate group |
| describe pentose | ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA |
| define catabolic pathway | release of energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler ones |
| define anabolic pathway | consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones |
| state the first law of thermodynamics | energy can be transferred fand transformed but cannot be created/destroyed |
| state the second law of thermodynamics | transfer of energy increases entropy (disorder) |
| define free energy | portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature is uniform throughout the system |
| what is the equation for free energy? | G=H-TS (G=free energy, H=system's total energy, S=entropy) |
| define energy coupling | use of exergonic process to drive an endergonic one |
| what are the three types of work that a cell does | mechanical, transport, and chemical |
| define activation energy | energy required to break bonds in the reactant molecules |
| define substrate | reactant enzyme acts on, converted by enzyme to product(s) |
| define induced fit | active site induces enzyme to change its shape slightly so that the active site fits even more snugly around the substrate |
| define cofactor | nonprotein helpers for catalytic activity, maybe tightly bound to the active site as permanent residents or they may bind loosley and reversibly along with the substrate, if cofactor is an organic molecule it's called a coenzyme |
| define competitive inhibitor | inhibitor that resembles the normal substrate molecule and competes for admission into active site, reduce productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites |
| define noncompetitive inhibitor | dont directly compete with the substrate at active site, instead they impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme |
| define allosteric site | a specific receptor site on some part of the enzyme molecule remote from the active site |
| define feedback inhibition | switching off of a metabolic pathway by its end product which acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within the pathway |
| define cooperativity | amplification of response of substrates to enzymes, one substrate primes enzyme to accept additional substrate molecules more readily |
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MM0391
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