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Unit 2 : AP Biology
Chapters 7,8,11,12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which organelles are found in plant cells but not animal cells? | chloroplasts, vacuole and tonoplast, plasmodesmata, and the cell wall |
| Why are nuclear pores needed in the nuclear envelope? | To release ribosomes from the nucleus, made by mRNA |
| Which organelle of the cell has both a large and small subunit? | ribosomes |
| What were the first type of microscopes used by scientists? | light microscopes |
| The measure of the clarity of the image is called... | resolving power |
| How do light microscopes work? | Visible light is passed through the specimen and then through the glass lenses. The lenses refract the light in a way that magnifies the image. |
| How does the electron microscope function? | It focuses a beam of electrons at the specimen. |
| What are the two basic types of of electron microscopes? | the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope |
| What is used to separate the major organelles of a cell? | ultracentrifuges |
| Which organelle would be centrifuged out first? Mitochondria or ribosome | ribosome, The heavier items settle at the bottom and the lighter items rise to the top. |
| What does a prokaryotic cell share with a eukaryotic cell? | ribosomes, plasma membrane, and cytosol. Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles. |
| Where is the DNA concentrated in a prokaryotic cell? | the nucleoid, no membrane separates it |
| At the boundary of every cell, this functions as a selective barrier. | Plasma membrane |
| Biological membranes are constructed of... | a double-layer of phospholipids and other lipids, also proteins are embedded in the bilayer |
| What are the three main parts of the nucleus? | Nucleolus, Nuclear envelope, and chromatin |
| How are prokaryotes classifiec in the 6 Kingdom system? | Eubacteria |
| How did eukaryotes evolve from ancient prokaryotes? (the theory) | Endosymbiotic theory- chloroplast and mitochondria have separate DNA |
| What lining maintains the shape of the nuclear envelope? | nuclear lamina |
| What is the function of ribosomes? | carry out protein synthesis, found in the cytosol and bound to the rough ER |
| What organelles belong to the endomembrane system? | nuclear envelope, ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane |
| The organelle that synthesizes drugs, lipids, metabolizes carbs, and detoxifies drugs and poisons. | smooth ER |
| This organelle is often compared to the postal system because it modifies, sorts, stores, and ships proteins. | Golgi |
| Which side of the golgi receives and which side transports? | Cis-receives Trans- transports |
| What is the function of the rough ER? | synthesize secreted proteins and sends them to the golgi |
| Cellular respiration occurs here! | mitochondria, surface area from cristae |
| What organelle is responsible for decomposing dead cells or worn out organelles? | lysosome |
| The peroxisome contains catalase, which speeds up the breakdown of... | peroxide in animal cells |
| What is the cytoskeleton? | Support, mobility, and regulation of the cell |
| What are the 3 types of fibers? | microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
| What are two examples of microtubules? | cilia and flagella |
| What is coupled for movement with microfilaments? | actin coupled with mysosin |
| Centrosomes are vital in a cell for this to occur. | Cell division- site of microtubule growth |
| What two parts of the cell help to increase surface area and absorption? | plasma membrane and microvilli |
| What are the microtubule arrangements for flagella and cilia? | (9+2) |
| What are the different motions of cilia and flagella? | Cilia: back and forth Flagella: spiral |
| What are the functions of the extracellular matrix? | Support, adhesion, movement and transmission of signals |
| What does the ECM facilitate between cells? | cell to cell communication |
| Name the three types of intracellular junctions. | Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions |
| What is the central vacuole surrounded by? | tonoplast |
| The central vacuole... | stores, breaks down wastes, holds water, and hydrolyzes macromolecules |
| What is the function of plasmodesmata? | allow passage to adjacent plant cells |
| Plasma membranes only allow... | small, nonpolar, and uncharged molecules through |
| Who developed the fluid mosaic model? | Singer and Nicolson (1972) |
| Are plasma membranes fluid? | Yes, membranes move all the time but only shift, no flip-flopping |
| What sticks out of the plasma membrane to allow cell to cell recognition? | carbohydrates |
| What proteins are present in the phospholipid bilayer membranes? | Integral- through the bilayer, transport Peripheral- loosely bound to the surface |
| What are the four types of passive transport? | Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion |
| What type of transport requires energy? | active transport |
| "High to low concentration" of solute | Diffusion |
| Define hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. | Hypertonic- high solute Hypotonic- low solute Isotonic- equal, no gain or loss |
| Osmosis is exactly like diffusion except it is the movement of... | water |
| This type of passive transport usually moves ions and polar molecules. | facilitated diffusion |
| How does the sodium-potassium pump work? | 3 Na out for 2 K in, Active transport- 1 ATP is used |
| What is the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis? | Exocytosis- vesicle from the inside, releases materials outside the cell Endocytosis- forms a vesicle to bring contents inside the cell |
| How does a cell capture food outside the cell and bring it in? | phagocytosis, "cell-eating" |
| What are the three steps of signaling? | Reception, transduction and response |
| What binds to the receptor to start the response? | ligand |
| What occurs in g-protein-coupled-receptors? | Activated g-protein binds to an enzyme, this enzyme activates the signal pathway that triggers the response |
| In this type of cell communication, something is dimmerized. | Tyrosine-kinase receptors |
| Gated-ion channels... | open or close based on ligand |
| What are cascades? | replay signals from receptors to final targets, transduction |
| At each step protein kinases phosphorylate and activate proteins at the next level.This is a... | phosphorylation cascade |
| What are calcium, cAMP, DAG, and inositol trisphosphate examples of? | secondary messengers |
| Intracellular receptors control which genes are turned on by using... | transcription factors |
| How is a cell's response amplified? | by elaborate enzyme cascades |
| How is the efficiency of signal transduction increased? | By the presence of scaffolding proteins |
| How many chromosomes are found in human somatic cells? | 46 |
| What is a genome? | all the DNA of an organism |
| What are duplicated chromosomes held together by a centromere? | sister chromatids |
| What is the division of the cell's nucleus? | mitosis |
| When does cytokinesis occur? | after PPMAT, or after mitosis |
| What stage does the cell spend 90% of its time in? | Interphase |
| What occurs in the three phases of Interphase? | G1- normal growth S- DNA duplication G2- cell grows, prepares for divide |
| What are the five phases of mitosis? | prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| What are the kinetochore? | where the microtubules attach to the centromere1 |
| When do the chromatin become condensed into chromosomes? | prophase |
| When does the nuclear envelope begin to disintegrate? | prometaphase |
| Where do the chromosomes move to during metaphase? | metaphase plate in the center of the cell |
| What happens to the chromosomes during anaphase? | The sister chromatids are pulled in half, Each half goes toward the opposite poles. |
| What occurs in an animal cell during cytokinesis? | a cleavage furrow forms to split the cell in two |
| These spindles help to elongate the cell for division. | Nonkinetochore microtubules |
| How does cytokinesis occur in plants? | Vesicles from the golgi more to the middle of the cell and begin to form the cell plate, The vesicles carry cell wall materials and eventually the surrounding membrane fuses with the plasma membrane, splitting the cell. |
| How do prokaryotes complete cell division? | binary fission |
| What allows the cell to complete all the parts of the cell cycle in order? | cell cycle control system |
| What type of kinases drive the cell cyle? | cyclin-dependent kinases |
| If the G1 checkpoint is given the "go" signal... | the cell will usually divide. (If it doesn't the cell goes into G0, the nondividing phase) |
| What is a growth factor? | a protein released by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide |
| What do normal cells exhibit referring to limitations on their growth? | density-dependent inhibition and anchorage dependence |
| What does a cancer cell lack? | cell cycle control system |
| The cancer that most people refer to is called... | malignant |
| The spread of cancer cells to distant locations from original site is called | metastasis |
Created by:
hboatright
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