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Biology Unit 1
Chapters 2,3,4,5,6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What property of water is responsible for surface tension? | Cohesion |
| How does water in the form of sweat cool you? | High heat of vaporization allows the cooler molecules to stay on the skin and the hotter ones leave |
| How is water less dense as a solid? | As temperature decreases, water expands due to the length of the h-bonds increasing, creating a lattice-like structure |
| What are buffers? | substances designed to moderate changes within a living system- maintain homeostasis |
| When an electron moves to a shell farther from the nucleus, it must... | absorb energy |
| What is the atomic number? | the amount of protons |
| What is the atomic mass? | protons plus neutrons |
| Ionic bonds are more likely to form if there is a larger difference of... | electronegativity |
| Interactions that occur between molecules that are short distances from each other creating TEMPORARY positive or negative charges | Van der Walls interactions |
| What allows carbon to be so versatile? | 4 available bonds- tetravalent, this allows carbon to create many shapes |
| Same molecular formula but different 3D structure and different chemical or physical properties | Isomer |
| What are the characteristics of a structural isomer? | Same molecule but different placement of the elements (physical change) |
| Same molecular formula but different spatial shape, (x-shaped isomer) | geometric isomer |
| Define enantiomers. | A type of isomer, mirror image of original |
| What is SPONCH? | Sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen. The elements that make up 99% of all living matter. |
| All atoms of a given element have the same number of protons, but some atoms have more neutrons which causes them to weigh more. What are these different atomic forms called? | isotopes |
| What is a radioactive isotope? | An isotope in which the nucleus decays spontaneously |
| Electrons in the outermost shell are... | valence electrons |
| What occurs in a chemical reaction? | Reactants change into products while conserving energy |
| When is chemical equilibrium reached? | When the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal |
| Is a water molecular polar or nonpolar? | Polar because the opposite ends of the water molecule contain opposite charges |
| How does water move against gravity? (like up a tree to the branches from the roots) | Adhesion of water |
| the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius... | specific heat of a substance |
| The dissolving agent of a solution is... | the solvent |
| What is the solute? | the substance that is dissolved |
| What is molarity? | the number of moles of solute per liter of solution |
| When a water molecule splits what are the products? | a hydrogen ion, a single proton, and a hydroxide ion, a negative charge |
| What is the result of adding more H+ to a solution? | The solution becomes more acidic. |
| A higher concentration of OH- indicates the solution is... | More basic than acidic |
| What are the causes of acid precipitation? | Presence of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere, caused by burning fossil fuels |
| What does organic chemistry study? | carbon compounds |
| Who was responsible for disproving the theory of vitalism? | Stanley Miller |
| What are functional groups? | the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions |
| What are the six functional groups important to the chemistry of life? | Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, and phosphate |
| A hydrogen atom is bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton of the organic molecule. What functional group? | hydroxyl group |
| The hydroxyl group forms what type of organic compounds? | alcohols |
| The carbonyl group consists of... | a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond |
| What makes a carbonyl group an aldehyde and not a ketone? | If the carbonyl group is on the end of a carbon skeleton, otherwise it is called a ketone |
| When an oxygen atom is dbl-bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to a hydroxyl group, the entire assembly is called a... | carboxyl group |
| When compounds contain carboxyl groups, what are they known as? | carboxylic acids or organic acids |
| This group consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton. | amino group |
| Amines usually act as a... | base, ammonia can pick up a proton from the surrounding solution |
| The sulfhydryl group is made up of... | a sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen |
| What are compounds called that contain the sulfhydryl group? | thiols |
| Phosphate ion covalently attached by one of its oxygen atoms to the carbon skeleton. | phosphate group, When attached- organic phosphate |
| How are monomers connected to build polymers? | by dehydration reactions or condensation reactions, the removal of a water molecule. |
| Hydrolysis reactions... | Break up polymers to monomers |
| Monosaccharides are made up of... | a carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl groups |
| Sugars, the smallest carbs, serve as... | fuel and carbon sources |
| What type of carbohydrate is joined together by a glycosidic linkage? | disaccharide- 2 monosaccharides |
| What is the term for polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides? | polysaccharides |
| What is a common use for starch? | Storage molecule, plants and animals can stockpile it then use the glucose as they need it, Starch- made up of glucose |
| What is the difference between starch and cellulose? | Cellulose has a B configuration of linkages and Starch has an A configuration. This allows starch to be broken down in the body but not cellulose. |
| Where is glycogen found? | liver and muscle cells |
| What organisms use chitin? | insects use it for their exoskeleton and fungi use it in their cell walls |
| This type of molecule is an important food source, serve as barriers, hormones, long term energy stores and components in cell membranes. | lipids |
| What are lipids composed of? | carbon, hydrogen, and few oxygens |
| What are the five types of lipids? | triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, steroids, and waxes |
| What is the difference between a fat and an oil? | Fat- solid at RT Oil- liquid at RT |
| This type of lipid is composed of one glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid tails. | triglycerides |
| What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? | Saturated- saturated with hydrogen, maybe 1 dbl-bond Unsaturated- many dbl-bonds, kink up, block arteries |
| Phospholipids are composed of... | 2 fatty acids, one saturated and one unsaturated, all linked to a glycerol, there is also a phosphate group |
| A type of lipid that has 4 linked carbon rings. | Steroids |
| Why are plant leaves coated with wax? | To restrict water loss |
| What are the largest organic molecules made by organisms? | nucleic acids |
| DNA's function is... | to encode the instructions for amino acid sequences of proteins |
| This type of nucleic acid carries encoded information to the ribosomes. | RNA |
| What are the three parts of a nucleotide? | Pentose, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| What are Pyrimidines and Purines? | Pyrimidines- C,T,and U nitrogenous bases Purines- A and G nitrogenous bases |
| What are proteins composed of? | amino acids |
| What are the four groups that attach to the one carbon in each amino acid? | carboxyl, amino, R group, and hydrogen |
| Molecules formed by adding many amino acids together are called | polypeptides |
| What are peptide bonds? | the covalent bond that holds together amino acids when forming proteins |
| How many levels of structure do proteins have? | 4: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure |
| Primary structure is... | a linear sequence of amino acids |
| This level of protein structure contains coils and folds along a polypeptide backbone, helix or pleated. | Secondary structure |
| Actual 3D structure of the polypeptide. Two possible shapes: fibrous and globular. | Tertiary structure |
| What is quaternary structure of a protein? | a protein consisting of 2 or more polypeptide chains |
| Denaturation of proteins is caused by... | temp, salt concentration, and pH |
| What are binding proteins? | Proteins that have the unique ability to take specific shapes which enable them to bond to other substances. |
| Proteins that help with shapes and structures are... | Structural proteins- collagen, elastin, keratin |
| The totality of an organism's chemical reactions. | metabolism |
| What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic pathways? | Catabolic- break down complex molecules Anabolic- build complex molecules |
| Bioenergetics is the study of... | how organisms manage their energy resources |
| The study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter is called... | thermodynamics |
| Which law is also known as the principle of conservation of energy? | first law of thermodynamics |
| What is the second law of thermodynamics? | Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. |
| Does a system move toward greater stability? | YES! |
| What type of energy is available for a system to perform work? | free energy |
| Unstable systems are rich in free energy and have a tendency to... | change spontaneously to a more stable state |
| What is the equation for free energy? | G = H - TS |
| Exergonic reactions... | release energy and are spontaneous |
| This kind of reactions absorb energy. | Endergonic |
| What three main types of work do cells perform? | Mechanical, Transport, and Chemical |
| What is the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one? | energy coupling |
| Activation energy of a reaction can be lowered by... | an enzyme |
| What is an enzyme's active site? | where the substrate binds to start the activity |
| Enzymes can be denatured because they are proteins. What factors can limit enzyme reactions? | Temp and pH can denature the enzyme, negative feedback and allosteric control inhibit the ability to bind with the substrate but do not denature the enzyme |
| What types of inhibitors control enzyme production? | competitive and noncompetitive |
| The allosteric site is... | a specific receptor site on the enzyme that is away from the active site, can encourage or inhibit enzyme activity |
| What are the nonprotein helpers required by enzymes? | cofactors and coenymes (cofactors that are organic molecules) |
Created by:
hboatright
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