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Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the two communication systems? | hormonal and neuronal |
| what is hormonal communication? | slow, more important operations, more specific and more permanent |
| neuronal communication? | quick and temporary |
| what are hormones? | they are chemical messengers |
| what are endocrine Glands? | glands that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood. such as the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland and the adrenal gland |
| what are exocrine glands? | glands that releases a secretion external to or at the surface of an organ. such as the sweat glands, salivary gland and the kidney |
| how do exocrine glands secrete? | through a canal or duct |
| what is a target cell? | these are cells that have the correct receptor for the specific hormone |
| what is a steroid hormone? | made from lipid molecules, they are lipid soluble and are able to pass through a plasma membrane |
| what is the action of a steroid hormone? | 1. hormone passes through plasma membrane and binds to a receptor, creating a hormone-receptor complex 2. hormone-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor, switching enzyme synthesis on or off |
| steroid hormones are secreted by which organs? | the testes, which product testosterone, the ovaries, which produce estrogen and the adrenal cortex, which produces cortisol |
| what is a peptide hormone? | made from protein molecules |
| what is the action of a peptide hormone? | 1. hormone joins to a specific receptor made from proteins on the plasma membrane as the hormone is not lipid soluble and cannot pass through 2. triggers a second messenger molecule to transfer the message inside the cell |
| example of peptide hormone? | oxytocin |
| what is a secondary messenger? | a molecule that relays messages in a cell from a receptor on a cell membrane to the final destination |
| where is the adrenal gland located? | on top of the kidneys |
| what hormones does the adrenal gland secrete? | adrenaline and cortisol |
| what is the action of adrenaline? | 1. the hormone circulates the blood stream looking for it's target cells, when it finds one it fits into the receptor which has a shape complementary to the hormone 2. the hormone activates the enzyme cyclase 3. cyclase converts ATP to cAMP |
| what is the master gland? | hypothalamus and pituitary gland |
| what is the cascade effect? | the release of small amounts of one hormone from the hypothalamus can result in the production of the final hormone |
| example of cascade effect? | hypothalamus (inhibits production of the releasing factor) - releasing factor - anterior pituitary gland (inhibits TSH release) - thyroid stimulating hormone - thyroid gland - thyroxine in blood stream |
| what does the thyroid gland release and what are its functions? | thyroxine- metabolism |
| what does the pituitary gland release and what are its functions? | GH- growth hormone ADH- regulates water balance |
| what does the adrenal gland release and what are its functions? | adrenaline- fight or flight mechanism |
| what does the pancreas release and what are its functions? | insulin- decreases blood glucose glucagon- increases blood glucose |
| what do the ovaries release and what are its functions? | oestrogen- female development hormone progesterone- maintains uterine lining |
| what do the testes release and what are its functions? | testosterone- male development hormone |
| where is the pancreas located? | behind the stomach |
| what do the pancreatic exocrine cells secrete? | digestive enzyme |
| what are lipase? | works with the bile from the liver to break down fat molecules so they be absorbed and used in the body |
| what are proteases? | break down proteins, they help keep the intestine free of parasites such as bacteria and yeast |
| what are amylase? | break down carbohydrates into sugars which are more easily absorbed into the body |
| how do the pancreatic enzymes reach the small intestine? | via the pancreatic duct |
| what is pancreatic juice? | clear alkaline digestive fluid, it's alkaline because of a high concentration of bicarbonate ions |
| what is the islet of langerhans? | endocrine cells in the pancreas, including alpha and beta |
| which cells in the islet of langerhans detects that there is too much blood glucose? | beta cells |
| which cells in the islet of langerhans detects that there is too little blood glucose? | alpha cells |
| standard pathway response for too much glucose? | stimulus; too much blood glucose - receptors; beta cells - communication system; pancreas - effectors; endocrine cells - response; the islet of langerhans releases insulin, glucose is then converted to glycogen |
| what are the target cells for insulin? | hepatocytes, muscle cells and some other body parts |
| standard pathway response for too little glucose? | stimulus; too little blood glucose - receptors; alpha cells - communication system; pancreas - effectors; glucagon released - repsonse; glucagon converts glycogen into glucose |
| what are the target cells for glucagon? | Hepatocytes |
Created by:
deannarosee
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