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MICR
Intro to Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What secretes the bacT capsule? | Cytoplasmic membrane |
| Do all bacT have capsules? | No |
| What is the main purpose of the capsule? | Aid in bact adherence |
| Which appendages provide motility? | Flagella |
| Which appendages provide increased adherence? | Pili and Fimbriae |
| What main function do pili have? | Provide for transfer of genetic material |
| What secretes the bact cell wall? | Cytoplasmic membrane |
| What are three characteristics of the gram positive cell? | 1 one layer cell wall, way thicker (15-80 micrometers) 2 teichoic acids 3 m-proteins of group A strep |
| What are 3 characteristics of a gram negative cell? | 1 two layers thick, but very thin (2-10 micrometers) 2 no pentaglycine cross link 3 outer layer is LPS |
| What is the stain for gram positive cells? | crystal violet |
| What is the stain for gram negative cells? | Saffranin |
| What is 1 effect of peptidoglycans on the host? | Activates complement |
| What are 3 effects of teichoic acids on the host? | 1 activates wbc 2 activates complement 3 induces bone resorption |
| What is 1 effect of m-proteins on the host? | resists phagocytosis |
| What is 1 effect of endotoxin on the host? | it is a non-specific antigen and causes abcesses... does all kinds of nasty things to the immune system |
| Where does cell division initiate (which organelle)? | Mesosome |
| Where is energy stored (which organelle)? | Inclusion bodies |
| What are the three classes of bact enzymes? Which works outside of the cell? | 1 oxidoreductases 2 transferases 3 hydrolases. Hydrolases work outside of the cell |
| What three vitamins are precursors for bact coenzymes, and what do they become? | 1 B5 = NAD 2 B2 = Flavin mononucleotide 3 K= Menaquinone AKA Menadione |
| What are 5 requirements for binary fission to occur? | 1 energy 2 nutrients 3 temperature 4 ph 5 oxygen |
| What determines the type of ETC reaction that takes place in a bact? | The final electron acceptor |
| Why does oxygen kill anaerobic bact? | because they are missing either superoxide dismutase or catalase |
| What's another name for glycolysis? | Embden-Myerhof cycle |
| What 5 places can antimicrobial drugs attack? | 1 cell structure 2 physiology 3 affinity for rna subunits 4 permeability 5 dna synthesis mechanism |
| MIC - what does it stand for, definition? | Minimal Inhibitory Concentration - lowest concentration of a drug that prevents pathogen growth |
| MBC - what does it stand for, definition? | Minimal Bacteriocidal Concentration - lowest concentration of a drug that kills the pathogen |
| What are three types of drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis? | 1 beta-lactams 2 glycopeptides 3 bacitracin |
| How do beta-lactams work on bacT? | BLOCKS CELL WALL SYNTHESIS - inhibit transpeptidases |
| Penicillin G and V, Methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin are all examples of what type of antimicrobial agent? | Beta-lactams |
| How do glycopeptides work on bacT? | BLOCKS CELL WALL SYNTHESIS - Inhibits transglycosidase enzyme that polymerizes the lipid-linked peptidoglycan subunit |
| Vancomycin and tiecoplanin are examples of which antimicrobial agent? | Glycopeptides |
| How does bacitracin work on bacT? | BLOCKS CELL WALL SYNTHESIS - Inhibit transfer of sugar pentapeptide to lipid in the cell membrane |
| What is one type of drug that alters the cell membrane? | Polymixins |
| How do polymixins work on bacT? | disrupts phospholipids on cell membranes |
| Name 3 ways that protein synthesis can be inhibited | 1 transcription 2 30S RBS 3 50S RBS |
| Rifampin is a drug that inhibits... | transcription |
| Tetracyclines and aminoglycosides inhibits... | 30S RBS |
| Chloamphenicol, macrolides, lincosamides (erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, clindamycin) inhibit... | 50S RBS |
| What specific mechanism do macrolides and lincosamides (erythromycin, azithromycin, clindamycin) inhibit? | Peptide bond formation |
| What specific mechanism do Quinolones and floroquinolones inhibit? | NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS - DNA gyrase |
| How do Sulfa drugs and trimethoprim work on bacT? | Antimetabolic acitivity/competitive antagonism |
| 3 genetic ways that antibiotic resistance can be obtained | 1 chromosomes 2 plasmids 3 transposons |
| Van A phenotypes are (high/moderate/low)level resistant. | HIgh |
| Van B phenotypes are (high/moderate/low)level resistant. | moderate |
| Van C phenotypes are (high/moderate/low)level resistant. | low |
| Name two ways that bacT can resist beta-lactams | 1 make beta-lactamases 2 not allow beta-lactam into the cell |
| Name 2 ways that bacT can resist aminoglycosides | 1 inactivate the enzyme 2 mutate chromosomes |
| Name 3 ways that bacT can resist tetracycline | 1 Get it out of the cell 2 protect its ribosomes 3 inactivate the drug |
| Name 2 ways that bacT can resist macrolides and lincosamides | 1 modify the target 2 mutate |
| Name 2 ways that bacT can resist quinolones | 1 alter their DNA gyrase 2 get rid of quinolone |
| Name the one way that bacT can resist rifampin | mutate |
| Spontaneous mutations occur at a frequency of.... | 1 in 10^7 - 10^11 |
| What results from adding mutagen 5-Bromouracil? | Base pair switch |
| What results from adding mutagen acridines or EtBr? | Insertions or deletions |
| What results from adding mutagen of radiation? | error or deletion |
| Define an auxotroph | mutant that cannot grow on minimal medium |
| Define a fermentation mutant | mutant no longer able to use a specific carbon source |
| Define an antibiotic/bacteriophage mutant | mutants that are resistant |
| Define a virulence mutant | mutants that cannot produce virulence factor anymore |
| Define a transition base substitution | Purine trades for a purine |
| Define a transversion base substitution | Pyrimidine trades for a purine |
| Define a supressor mutation | a mutation at a secondary site that restores the wildtype phenotype |
| Define an intragenic suppressor mutation | a secondary mutation in a gene that does not change the original mutation site |
| Define an extragenic suppressor mutation | Mutational change in a secondary site that eliminates the original mutation |
| Describe Ames test | Grow on plate with minimal medium and little bit of nutrient. Transfer to plate with minimal medium and NO nutrient. Find spontaneous revertants |
| Define bacT transformation | ability of a bact to take up extracellular DNA |
| Give a classic example of bacT transformation | Smooth-Rough mouse test |
| 2 artificial methods for transformation | 1 calcium shock 2 electroporation |
| Define bact transduction | genetic transfer between bact where the donor DNA is carried by a bacteriophage (virus) |
| Define the two types of transduction | 1 generalized - phage DNA completely replaced by bacT DNA 2 specialized - DNA is both phage and bact DNA |
| Define bact conjugation | DNA transfer between two living cells of opposite mating type |
| What are resistance plasmids? | Plasmids that counteract antibiotics, antiseptics, etc. |
| What are virulence plasmids? | Plasmids that code for toxins, attachment proteins, and invasion functions |
| Hfr - what does it stand for, and definition? | Highly recombinant F+Donor Strains - frequency of recombinants is 1000x greater than normal conjugation |
| Define an F' factor | a factor containing bacT genes (cleavage was not precise) |
| Drug level goal of antibiotic dosing | Level in infected tissues equal to or exceeding the MIC of the drug |
| Blood levels of antibiotic should exceed the MIC by ___ - ____ times to get into the tissue | 6-8 |
| Bacteriostatic agents work better with (pulse/continuous) dosing. Why? | Pulse. Because their activity is less dependent on ddrug concentration |
| Bactericital agents work better with (pulse/continuous) dosing. Why? | Continuous. Their activity is more concentration dependent |
| 4 factors affecting the clinical effectiveness of antibiotics | 1 Plasma protein binding of the drug 2 Surface-to-area-volume ratio 3 Lipid solubility 4 age of patient |
| In bacteria, metabolism is referred to as... OR .... | Bacterial respiration OR biologic oxidation |
Created by:
janygb143
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