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Earth Science
E.S. Chapter 8 Sections 1-4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| earthquake | An __________ is the vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy within the lithosphere |
| faults | ______ are fractures in Earth where movement has occurred |
| focus | The point within Earth where an earthquake starts is called the _____ |
| seismic waves | _______ ______ are vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake |
| epicenter | the location on Earth's surface directly above the focus, or origin, of an earthquake |
| elastic rebound | According to the ______ ________ hypothesis, most earthquakes are produced by the rapid release of energy stored in rock that has been subjected to great forces. |
| aftershock | an _________ is an earthquake that occurs sometime soon after a major earthquake |
| body waves and surface waves | What are the two main types of seismic waves? |
| p waves | _ _____ are push-pull waves that push (or compress) or pull(or expand)particles in the direction the waves travel. |
| liquids and solids | P waves an travel through both ____ and ______ |
| s waves | _ ______ shake particles at right angles to the waves direction of travel |
| solids, but not liquids | S waves can travel through ______, but not _______ |
| seismogram | A seismograph produces a time record of ground motion during a earthquake called a __________ |
| seismograph | A __________ is an instrument that records seismic waves |
| magnitude | _________ is a measure of the size of seismic waves or the amount of energy released at the source of the earthquake |
| moment magnitude | The _______ _________ is derived from the amount of displacement that occurs along a fault |
| seismic shaking | The ground vibrations caused by seismic waves, called ______ _______ |
| liquefaction | Where soil and rock are saturated with water, earthquakes can cause a process called ___________ |
| landslide | Earthquakes often cause loose rock and soil on slopes to move. The result is a _________ |
| mudflow | In areas where the water content of soil is high, an earthquake starts a _______ |
| tsunami | A _______ is a wave formed when the ocean floor shifts suddenly during an earthquake |
| seismic gap | A ______ ___ is an area along a fault where there any earthquake activity for a long period of time |
| 1. Flexible pipes and automatic shut-off valves 2. Reinforce old buildings | List 2 things that can be done to make areas prone to earthquakes safer |
| crust | the _____, the thin, rocky outer layer of Earth, is divided into oceanic and continental crust |
| 7km | The oceanic crust is roughly ___ thick |
| 40km | The continental crust is ____ thick |
| mantle | a solid, rocky shell that extends to a depth of 2,890 |
| over 82% | What percent to Earth's volume is contained in the mantle? |
| lithosphere | a relatively cool, rigid shell called the ___________ |
| asthenosphere | Beneath the lithosphere lies a soft, comparatively weak layer known as the ____________ |
| lower mantle | the base of the mantle lies a more rigid layer called _____ ______ |
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VickieJ10
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