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Earth Science
E.S. Exams
| What does the word geology mean? | study of the earth |
| the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather and climate | meteorology |
| what are the four major spheres the Earth consist of? | hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, biosphere |
| What makes up the atmosphere? What percentage of the hydrosphere does the ocean make up? What percentage is fresh water? | water; 97%; 3% |
| What are the three main parts of the geosphere? | core, mantle, crust |
| __________ forces are like weathering and erosion work to wear away high points and flatten out the surface. | destructive |
| ____________ forces are like mountain building and volcanism build up the surface by raising the land and depositing new material in the form of lava. | constructive |
| What did the theory of plate tectonics provide geologist with? | a model to explain how earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur and how continents move. |
| ________ is the distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees. | latitude |
| __________ is the distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees. | longitude |
| What are some ways human actions produce changes in parts of the Earth system? | our actions produce changes in all the other parts of the Earth's system. |
| _________ resources can be replenished over relatively short time spans. example: lumber, paper | renewable |
| ____________ resources take millions of years to accumulate. examples: iron, aluminum, copper, oil, coal | nonrenewable |
| What are some of the significant threats to Earth's environment? | significant threats tot he environment include air pollution, acid rain, ozone depletion, and global warming |
| a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means | element |
| the smallest particle of matter that contains the characteristics of an element | atom |
| a substance that consists of two or more elements that are chemically combined in specific proportions | compound |
| a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition | mineral |
| a very hot mixture of water and dissolved substances | hydrothermal solution |
| small amounts of _________ ________ can give the same mineral different colors | different elements |
| the color of a mineral in its powdered form | streak |
| ______ is used to describe how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral | luster |
| ________ is as measure of the resistance of a mineral being scratched | hardness |
| the ____ hardness scale consists of 10 minerals arranged from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest). | mohs |
| _______ is the hardest mineral on Earth, can scratch anything | diamond |
| ________ is the tendency of a mineral to cleave, or break, along flat, even surfaces | cleavage |
| minerals that do not show cleavage when broken are said to ________. | fracture |
| ________ is the uneven breakage of a mineral | fracture |
| _______ is the property of all matter that is the ratio of an objects mass to volume | density |
| _____ is molten material that forms deep beneath the earths surface | magma |
| magma that reaches the surface is called ____ | lava |
| a process in which rocks are physically and chemically broken down by water, air, and living things that produce sediment | weathering |
| ________ is made up of weathered pieces of earth materials | sediment |
| rocks that form when magma hardens beneath Earth's surface called _________ igneous rocks | intrusive |
| when lava hardens, the rocks that form are called _________ igneous rocks | extrusive |
| igneous rocks in which the light-colored silicate minerals quartz and feldspar are the main minerals are said to have a _______ __________ | granitic composition |
| rocks that contain many dark silicate minerals and plagioclase feldspar have a ________ ___________ | basaltic composition |
| _________ granitic rocks make up much of the continental crust. | intrusive |
| ________ igneous rocs make up the Earth's ocean floor | basaltic |
| erosion involves weathering and the removal of rock. when an agent of erosion- water, wind, ice, or gravity- loses energy, it drops the sediments. This process is called __________. | deposition |
| __________ is a process that squeezes, or compacts, sediments | compaction |
| _________ takes place when dissolved minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces among the sediments | cementation |
| _______ sedimentary rocks are made up of weathered bits and minerals | clastic |
| _______ sedimentary rocks form when dissolved substances precipitate, or separate, from water solution. examples: limestone, rock salt, chert, flint, rock gypsm | chemical |
| the agents of metamorphism are ____, ________, and ____________ _________. | heat, pressure, and hydrothermal solutions |
| the heat for metamorphism comes mainly from two sources- _____ and the _____ in _________ with _____ | magma; change; temperature; depth |
| when these hot, water- based solutions escape from a mass of magma, they are called ____________ _________ | hydrothermal solutions |
| a _________ resource can be replenished over a fairly short time spans, such as months, years, or decades | renewable |
| a ____________ resource will take millions of years to form and accumulate | nonrenewable |
| ____ forms when heat and pressure transform plant material over millions of years. | coal |
| what is the most abundant energy source? | solar energy |
| in nuclear fission, the nuclei of heavy atoms such as _______-___ are bombarded with neutrons. | uranium-235 |
| What is the advantage in using nuclear energy? | no pollution |
| today, the power that falling water generates, known as _____________ ______ drives turbines that produce electricity | hydroelectric power |
| __________ ______ is harnessed by tapping natural underground reservoirs of stream and hot water | geothermal energy |
| what percentage of Earth's surface does water cover? What percentage is usable freshwater? | 71%; less than 1% |
| _____ ______ _________ is pollution that comes from known and specific location, such as the factory pipes | point source pollution |
| ________ ______ _________ is pollution that does not have a specific point of origin | nonpoint source pollution |
| _____ is a three- atom form of oxygen that protects earth from 95% of the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation | ozone |
| ___________ is the careful use of resources | conservation |
| the breaking down and changing of rocks at or near earth's surface is called __________ | weathering |
| How much does liquid water expand when it freezes? | 9% |
| __________ __________ occurs when physical forces break rock into smaller pieces without changing the rocks mineral composition | mechanical weathering |
| when water freezes and expands, it enlarges the cracks. after many freeze- thaw cycles, the rock breaks into pieces this is called _____ _______ | frost wedging |
| sections of rock that are wedged loose may tumble into large piles called _____ | talus |
| What climate is most favorable for chemical weathering? | the climate most favorable for chemical weathering has high temperatures and abundant moisture |
| ____ _________ determines how easily a soil can be cultivated and how susceptible it is to erosion | soil structure |
| the longer a soil has been forming, the _______ it becomes | thicker |
| topsoil | a horizon |
| subsoil | b horizon |
| ________ ____ usually forms in temperature areas that receive more than 63cm of rain each year | pedalfer soil |
| _______ ____ is found in the drier western united states in areas that have grasses and brush vegetation | pedocal soil |
| plans that die in the tropical rain forest decompose _______ because bacterial is high in hot and wet climates | rapidly |
| after flowing as a thin sheet for a short distance, the water forms tiny streams called _____ | rills |
| as more water enters the rills, they erode the soil further, creating trenches called _______ | gullies |
| _____% is stored in oceans. ice sheets and glaciers account for _____%. _____% is divided by lakes, streams, groundwater, and the atmosphere | 97%; 2.15%; 0.65% |
| ____________ is the movement of surface water into rock or soil through cracks and pore spaces | infiltration |
| _____________ exceeds evaporation over continents, over oceans, ___________ exceeds precipitation. | precipitation; evaporation |
| ________ is the slope or steepness of a stream channel | gradient |
| _________ is a stream that empties into another stream | tributary |
| _______ is a looplike bend in the course of a stream | meander |
| __________ occurs as streamflow drops below the critical settling velocity of a certain particle size | deposition |
| _____ is an accumulation of sediment formed where a stream enters a lake or ocean | delta |
| much of the water in soil seeps downward until it reaches the ____ __ __________ | zone of saturation |
| _____ ______ is the upper level of the saturated zone of groundwater | water table |
| ________ is the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces | porosity |
| permeable rock layers or sediments that transmit groundwater freely are ________ | aquifers |
| a ______ is an intermittent hot spring or fountain in which a column of water shoots up with great forces various intervals | geyser |
| a _______ is a thick ice mass that moves slowly over the land surface | glacier |
| glaciers originate on land in places where ___ ____ ____ ____ _____ | more snow falls than melts |
| a ______ _______ is a stream of ice that flows between steep rock walls from the top of a mountain valley | valley glacier |
| ___ ______ are enormous ice masses that flow in all directions from one or more centers and cover everything but the highest land | Ice sheets |
| glaciers mainly erode the land in two ways: ________ and ________ | plucking and abrasion |
| ____ is material deposited directly by the glacier | till |
| when glaciers melt, they leave layers or ridges of till called ________ | moraines |
| _______ moraines are ridges that form along the sides of glacial valleys from rock fragments that fall from the valley walls along the edge of the glacier. | lateral |
| a glacier acts as a conveyer belt to carry rock debris to the foot of the glacier when the ice there melts, it deposits the debris and forms a ridge called an ___ moraine. | end |
| ______ is a depression created when a block of ice became lodged in glacial deposits and subsequently melted. | kettle |
| _________ occurs when the wind lifts and removes loose particles such as clay and silt. | deflation |
| solitary sand dunes shaped like crescents are called _______ dunes | barchan |
| _______ is the process by which weathered sediment is carried away | erosion |
| ________ is the force that opposes the motion of one surface as it moves across another surface | friction |
Created by:
VickieJ10
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