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AP Bio Chapter 23

WordDefinition
population genetics which emphasizesthe extensive genetic variation within populations and recognizes the importance of quantitative characters
modern synthesis the integration discoveries and ideas from many different fields including taxonomy, paleontology, biogeogrpahy, and population genetics
population a localized group of individuals belonging to the same species
species a group of populations whose individuals have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature
gene pool the total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time
fixed gene pool all individuals are homozygous
genetic structure a populations frequencies of alleles and genotypes
hardy-weinberg theorem the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a populations gene pool remains constant over the generations unless actedupon by agents other than sexual recombination
hardy-weinberg equilibrium a population's genetic structure in the state of equilibrium
hardy-weinberg equation p2 + 2pg + q2 = 1
microevolution a generation to generation change in a population's allele or genotype frequencies, 5 causes: large population size, isolation from othe rpopulations, no net mutations, random mating, no natural selection
Genetic drift changes in the gene pool of a small population due to chance
Bottleneck effect the result of an event such as a natural disaster when the genetic make-up of a population is drastically altered
Founder effect genetic drift in a new colony
Gene flow genetic exchange due to the migration of fertile individuals or gametes between populations
Mutations a change in an organism’s DNA
Inbreeding mating between closely related partners
Assortative mating individuals select partners that are like themselves in certain phenotypic characters
Natural selection differential success in reproduction
Polymorphism the coexistence of two or more distinct forms of individuals in the same population
geographical variation differences in genetic structure between populations
cline a graded change in some trait along a geographic axis
balanced polymorphism the ability of natural selection to maintain diversity in a population
heterozygote advantage mechanism for preserving balanced polymorphism, have greater survivorship and reproductive success than any type of homozygote
hybrid vigor cross breeding between two different stocks inbred varieties often produces hybrids that are much more vigorous than either parent stock, probably due to segregation and heterozygote advantage
frequency-dependent selection the reproductive success of any one morph declines if that phenotypic form become too common in the population
neutral variation diversity within humans, no selective advantage for some individuals over others
darwinian fitness the measure that is critical to selection, is relative contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation
relative fitness the contribution of a genotype to the next generation compared to the contributions of alternative genotypes for the same locus
stabilizing selection acts against extreme phenotypes and favors the more common intermediate variants
directional selection most common during periods of environmental change or when members of a population migrate to some new habitat with different environmental conditions
diversifying selection occurs when environmental conditions are varied in a way that favors individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range over intermediate phenotypes
sexual dimorphism the distinction between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females
sexual selection a separate selection process leading to sexual dimorphism
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