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Biology Exam
Things to know
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Three basic regions in structural organization of cells | cytoplasm, DNA, plasma membrane |
| Describe fluid mosaic model of cell membrane? | Series of carbon and hydrogen molecules, arranged in a bilayer range. Hydrophobic fatty-acid and hydrophilic glycerol. Protein throughout. |
| Why is cell theory a theory and not a hypothesis? | Has not been proven wrong, more like a fact then a guess. |
| What is natural selection a theory or hypothesis? | It is a theory, been around for a long time, has not been proven wrong. |
| Hypothesis and theory differ? | Hypothesis is trying to find a new aspect to test, theory has been applied and has uphel many tests and not been proven wrong. |
| Name the organizations that characterize life? Most inclusive and the least? | Most inclusive Biosphere, cell is least inclusive. Atom, molecule, organalle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, Biosphere. |
| Describe the different types of carbohydate molecules. Describe their basic structure? And explain how cells use these molecules? | Monosccharides- Glucose, fructosePolysccharitdes- Glucose, frustoseUSE for: Making energy like ATP |
| What are isotopes? What are radioisotopes? | Isotope: Same element but with a different number of nuetronsRadioisotope: When the nucleus in unstabble and can decay into another element. |
| What is the smallest level of organization that can still be considered living? | The cell |
| Describe the functions of organelles found in eukaryotic cells. | Nucleus: Brain of cell, makes DNAVacuole: Stores food and waterMitochondria: Making ATP and energyMembrane: Lets things in and out of cellGolgi appartus: UPS of the cellER: Construct lipids, Rough and smove.Cell wall:structure |
| Expalin the endosymbiotic theory? Who created it? | Chloroplast and mitchondria were once bacteria that were engulfed and not digested. Evolved into modern organlles. created by lynn margulis. |
| What factors affect enzyme action? | Temperature, pH level, salinity. |
| What are the steps to the scientific method? | Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment, Anaylsis, Conclusion. |
| Expalin the process of passive and active transport? | High concentration to a low concentration of molecules. |
| Explain the terms hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic as a cell in different solutions. Explain the direction that the water will take in each. | Hypotonic below, hypertonic above, and isotonic equal. |
| Describe the different types of protein molecules. Describe their basic structure and explain how cell use these molecules. What can make strucural changes in protein molecules? What is the term that descibres these changes? | Amino acids, primary secondary teriary, denature. |
| What is the pH scale and how is it used to tellw hich are acids and bases? | 1-14 scale, 7-14 is basic,1-7 is acid, 7 is nuetral. Things to look for hydrogen and Hydroxide. |
| What are the four types of chemical reactions? | Synthesis, Decomposition, Exchange, and Reversible. |
| How do atoms become molecules? Name the types of bonding that occurs with atoms? | Two electrons share there elctorns.. Covalent: sharing of electorns.Hydrogen Bond, non covalent. |
| State the cell theory? | Cells are the basic units of all living life. Cells come from pre-existing cells, Living things are moade up of one or more cells. |
| Nucleus | The control house of the cell |
| What is inferential statistics? | Definition: Data that is generalized from a certain population- EXAMPLE: Sunbathing causes skin cancer. People who sunbathe are likely to get skin cancer. |
| Which is more important upholding your hypothesis or falsifying it? | Both upholding to show that it is true, and trying to falsify it to make something better or to make better sense of something. |
| What is the definition of correlation | How one thing that has a high percentage has a great chance of making something else |
| What does “natural selection” mean? | Natural process that gives everything certain characteristics to survive in its environment |
| What is endosymbiosis and is it a theory or a hypothesis. Explain. | Organelles originated as separate prokaryotic organisms which were taken inside the cell as endosymbionts. Mitochondria developed from proteobacteria in particular, rickettsiales or close relatives and chloroplasts from cyanobacteria. |
| Explain what is meant by emergent properties. | Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces; their sum, when their directions are the same -- their difference, when their directions are contrary. |
| Describe how living things respond and interact with their environment in regard to obtaining energy and reproducing. | They eat what they need to, they get enough to live off. And then the reproduce for the survival of there race. |
| Reflect as a group contrasting science with pseudoscience. | Science using the research method and pseudoscience does not use the scientific method and lack the evidence and scientific status. |
| Metabolic pathways | Ordered, enzyme-mediated, Biosynthetic or degradative. Break down materials you need and get rid of the ones you dont |
| Give some examples of atoms and indicate the number as well as types of subatomic particles. | There are 12 atoms in carbon-Electrons: 6-Protons: 6-Neutrons: 6 |
| What types of atoms are in cyanobacteria? | Nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen |
| What are some properties of water? | Polar, Hydrogen and oxygen, state changes and adhesion and cohesion. |
| What is a catalyst? | Speeds the rate of a chemical reaction |
| Explain the significance of polarity in molecules in terms of hydrophobic and hydrophilic. | -The sharing of electrons.-Phobic is afraid of water, cannot combine-Philic likes water can combine |
| What is a ACID? | They are lower on the scale, have a sour taste, reacts with metal to make metal salt or hydrogen, conduct electricity. |
| Enzyme | Not permanently used up |
| What is a BASE? | Corrosive, slippery and slimy, bitter. |
| Enzyme | Reversible reactions |
| Enzyme | Selective for the substrates |
| What do buffers do? | used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications. |
| What are salts? | defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of acids and bases. Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negative ions so that the product is electrically neutral (without a net charge). |
| What are four types of molecules that are important to life? | Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acid |
| Describe the bonding behavior of the carbon atom. | Carbon can bond with 4 other different elements because it has 4 electrons that are ready to bond. |
| Four Features of Enzymes? | |
| Allosteric control? | Bind of substances on enzyme other than on the active site.- can activate-can inhibit |
| Describe the different functional groups in the important organic molecules. | Aldehydes, ketones, primary alcohols, etc. |
| How do cells build organic compounds? | Cells can make a variety of macromolecules, also called polymers, ... building up and breaking down organic compounds |
| Four factors that effect enzyme activity? | Temperature, Salinity, pH, ranges are specific |
| Extreme pH's? | 1 and 14 are the most extreme |
| Enzyme controls what? | Melanin production |
| Describe the different types of carbohydrate molecules | - Simple sugarso Glucoseo Sucroseo Fructoseo Galactose- 5 Carbon Sugarso Deoxyriboseo Ribose |
| Feedback Inhibition | Shutting down activity, product produced shut down. |
| Cell membrane Permeability? | Allows certain things in and out of cell |
| Cell membrane lets | Small non polar molecules pass easily through |
| Describe the different types of lipid molecules. | Lipids are molecules that are hydrophobic or insoluble in water because the non-polar, covalent bonds linking carbon and hydrogen aren’t attracted to the polar bonds of water. |
| Bulk movement | A big amount of things being transfered into cell |
| What is Exocytosis? | |
| What is Endocytosis? | |
| What is an ATP molecule and what does it do? | Energy made for the cell, made in mitochondria. ATP is a nucleic acid.NUcleotide, energy currency. |
| Explain what a concentration gradient is and how it work for diffusion? | A high concentration goes to a low concentration. |
| Hypotonic | Will take in water, cell has more solute |
| Isotonic | Same amount of solution and water |
| what is Passive Transport? | Transported down hill, requires no energy |
| What is Active transport? | Requires energy to transfer things |
| Explain a electron transport system and what they do for the cell. | Transfers energy, gradually disperses energy. |
| Describe the different types of protein molecules | - Enzymeso Break and build up energy needed |
| What is a peptide bond? | is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amine group of the other molecule. |
| What can make structural changes in protein molecules? What is the term that describes these changes? | |
| Describe the different nucleic acids. Describe their basic structure and explain how cells use these molecules. | |
| What types or categories of bases are there in nucleic acids? What are the names of the bases? Are the bases in DNA the same as those in RNA? | |
| Osmosis | is the diffusion of a solvent (frequently water) through a semi-permeable membrane, from a solution of low solute concentration (high water potential) to a solution with high solute concentration (low water potential), up a solute concentration gradient.[ |
| Oxidation-reduction | describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. |
| Passive transport | means moving biochemicals and atomic or molecular substances across the cell membrane. Unlike active transport, this process does not involve chemical energy. |
| Phagocytosis | the cellular process of Phagocytes and Protists of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome, which is a food vacuole, or pteroid. |
| Phosphorylation | the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein or other organic molecule. Protein phosphorylation in particular plays a significant role in a wide range of cellular processes. |
| What types of protein are found in association with the cell membrane? | Integral Membrane Proteins-Peripheral Membrane Proteins |
| Cell wall | rigid supporting structure that is outside of the cell membrane |
| Induced fit model | since enzymes are rather flexible structures, the active site is continually reshaped by interactions with the substrate as the substrate interacts with the enzyme. |
| Feedback inhibition | are molecules that bind to enzymes and decrease their activity. Since blocking an enzyme's activity can kill a pathogen or correct a metabolic imbalance |
| Free radicals | are atoms, molecules or ions with unpaired electrons on an otherwise open shell configuration. These unpaired electrons are usually highly reactive, so radicals are likely to take part in chemical reactions. |
| Hydrostatic pressure | Considering a small cube of liquid at rest below a free surface, pressure caused by the height of the liquid above must be balanced by a resisting pressure in this small cube. |
| Chromosome | is an organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in cells. A chromosome is a single piece of DNA that contains many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. |
| Chromatin | is the complex combination of DNA, RNA, and protein that makes up chromosomes. It is found inside the nuclei of eukaryotic cells, and within the nucleoid in prokaryotic cells. |
| Chloroplast | organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts capture light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH through a complex set of processes called photosynthesis. |
| Cilium | an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Cilia are tail-like projections extending approximately 5–10 micrometers from the cell body |
| Cytoskeleton | a cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" contained within the cytoplasm. The cytoskeleton is present in all cells; it was once thought this structure was unique to eukaryotes, but recent research has identified the prokaryotic cytoskeleton. |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | is a eukaryotic organelle that forms an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles, and cisternae within cells. |
| Eukaryotic | The presence of a nucleus gives these organisms their name, animals. |
| Flagellum | is a tail-like structure that projects from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and it functions in locomotion |
| Golgi body | The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and package the macromolecules such as proteins and lipids that are synthesized by the cell. |
| Lipid bilayer | The lipid bilayer is the barrier that keeps ions, proteins and other molecules where they are needed and prevents them from diffusing into areas where they should not be. |
| Microfilament | are the thinnest filaments of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. These linear polymers of actin subunits are flexible and relatively strong. |
| Microtubule | are one of the components of the cytoskeleton.Microtubules serve as structural components within cells and are involved in many cellular processes including mitosis, cytokinesis, and vesicular transport |
| Mitochondrion | Make ATP |
| Nuclear envelope | is a double lipid bilayer that encloses the genetic material in eukaryotic cells. The NE serves as the physical barrier, separating the contents of the nucleus (DNA in particular) from the cytosol (cytoplasm). |
| Nucleoid | an irregularly-shaped region within the cell of prokaryotes where the genetic material is localized. |
| Organelle | is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid membrane. |
| Phospholipids | are a class of lipids and are a major component of all cell membranes. Most phospholipids contain a diglyceride, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule such as choline.a type of molecule. form a lipid bilayer in a cell membrane. transport DNA. |
| Plasma membrane | selectively permeable lipid bilayer found in all cells. contains a variety of biological molecules, primarily proteins and lipids, which are involved in a vast array of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion channel conductance and cell signaling. |
| Prokaryotic cell | Lack a nucleous, plant. |
| Ribosome | are complexes of RNA and protein that are found in all cells. |
| Surface-to-volume ratio | that is, the rate at which the chemical reaction will proceed. |
| Vesicle | is a small bubble of liquid within a cell. More technically, a vesicle is a relatively small, intracellular, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances within a cell. |
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