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Musculoskeletal Func
AP
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bone | specialized form of connective tissue |
| skeleton | 206 bones |
| axial skeleton | forms the long axis of the body and includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage |
| appendicular skeleton | bones that form the arms, shoulders, pelvis, and legs |
| long bones | have diaphyses, that are longer than they are wide, epiphyses at either end, compact bone, and spongy bone that are less dense than the outer regions and contain bone marrow |
| diaphyses | bone bodies |
| epiphyses | growth plates |
| compact bone | hard outer surfaces of bone |
| spongy bone | inner region that contain bone marrow |
| short bones | as wide as they are long; primarily to provide support and stability with litle movement |
| flat bones | strong, level plates of bone that provide protection to the body's vital organs and a base for muscular attachment |
| irregular bones | do not fall into any other category due to nonuniform shape |
| sesamoid bones | usually short or irregular bones embedded in a tendon. e.g. patella |
| periosteum | connective tissue that covers compact bone surfaces; serves as the site of muscle attachment (via tendons). richly supplied with blood vessels that enter the bone at numerous sites |
| osteoblasts | outer surface of the periosteum contains cells that aid in remodeling and repair |
| bone marrow | inside the shaft of long bones |
| red marrow | in newborns serve as blood-cell factory (hematopoiesis) |
| yellow marrow | as humans age, red marrow turns to fat, creating yellow marrow. begins to form during adolescence and is present in most bones by adulthood |
| osteocyte | complex of osteoblasts that are surrounded by calcified extracellular material |
| osteoclasts | cells that break down spongy bone, while osteoblasts build new compact bone to increase bone strength |
| matrix | osteocytes are embedded in extracellular material referred to as the matrix consists of calcium phosphate crystals |
| appositional growth | new bone forms on the surface of a bone |
| endochondral growth | bone eventually replaces new cartilage growth in the ephiphyseal plate |
| lamellae | bone tissue contains many osteocytes organized in thin layers |
| cartilage | shiny connective tissue that is tough and flexible |
| hyaline cartilage | type most closely associated wtih bone and found in joints |
| joints | structures that connect bones of the skeleton |
| synovial joints | complex and vary significantly; contain cartilage that is lubricated by a transparent viscous fluid (synovial fluid) |
| joint capsule | structure that joins one bone to another |
| ligaments | parallel bundles of dense connective tissue |
| amphiarthroses | slightly moveable joints; in vertebral column |
| synarthrose | immoveable joint |
| sutures | immoveable joints in the skull |
| skeletal muscles | connect to bone |
| smooth muscles | line hollow organs, tubes, and are involuntary |
| cardiac muscle | heart; involuntary |
| tendons | specialized tough cords or bands of dense connective tissue that are continuous extensions of the periosteum |
| muscle fiber | cylinder with multiple nuclei |
| myofibrils | threadlike structures that extend the entire length of the muscle fiber |
| Myofilaments | two types: actin and myosin |
| actin | involved in muscular contractions, cellular movement, and cell shape maintenance |
| myosin | darker and thicker than actin; fibrous globulins that work with actin to form actomyosin |
| sarcomeres | repeated structural units |
Created by:
sonata17
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