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Unit 2 Semester 1
Dynamic Earth
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pangaea | the name of the huge landmass that was the only continent on earth millions of years ago |
| aa lava | Hawaiian term; type of lava flow that has a jagged or rocky surface |
| andesite | an extrusive, usually dark gray, fine grained igneous rock composed of oligoclase or feldspar |
| andesitic | containing andesite, an extrusive, usually dark gray, fine grained igneous rock composed of oligoclase or feldspar |
| asthenosphere | the upper part of the earth's mantle |
| basalt | gray to black, dense igneous rock composed of plagioclase, augite, and magnetite |
| basaltic | composed of, pertaining to, or having the characteristics of basalt |
| batholith | a pluton subsequently exposed by erosion |
| caldera | formed by collapse during an eruption, a large basin shape volcanic depression many times greater in diameter than the vent or vents |
| continental drift | the theory that states that the continents were once connected in one large landmass and have since moved apart |
| continental margin | ocean floor between the shoreline and the abyssal ocean floor; includes continental shelf, slope, and rise |
| continental continental convergence | a boundary where two continental plates move toward one another |
| convection | process in which heat energy is transferred through the movement of matter |
| convergence | the act of tectonic plates moving toward one another |
| convergent boundary | boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving toward each other, causing one to descend beneath the other; subduction zone |
| core | the innermost compositional layer of earth, consisting primarily of iron and nickel and having a radius of approximately 3,500 km |
| crust | the outermost, solid layer of any planet or moon |
| deformation | the folding, faulting, shearing, or other change in the geometry of rock as a result of earth stresses |
| density | a measure of how closely packed the particles in a substance are; the mass of an object divided by its volume |
| divergence | the act of tectonic plates moving away from one another |
| divergent boundary | boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other, and are delineated by mid ocean ridges and spreading centers, where seafloor spreading occurs |
| earthquake | sudden earth movement caused by abrupt release of accumulated stress |
| ecosystem | a community or group of organisms living and interacting with each other and their environment |
| elastic rebound | the sudden release of stored strain in rocks; this release causes movement along a fault |
| epicenter | the location on the surface of the earth directly above the focus of an earthquake |
| fault | a break in the lithosphere along which bodies of rock can move |
| fissure | fracture or crack in rock along which there is a distinct separation |
| fissure eruption | an eruption occurring along a narrow fissure instead of a central vent |
| focus | the zone within the earth where rock displacement produces an earthquake |
| fold | a bend in a rock layer |
| guyot | a seamount, which is an isolated volcanic peak on the ocean floor, that has a flattened top |
| hot spot | a hot place in the mantle where magma rises, often melting the crust above to form a volcano |
| igneous rock | rock formed by the cooling and solidification of hot liquid magma or lava |
| isotope | atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus |
| lahar | a mudflow made up of ash and other volcanic debris on the slope of a volcano |
| lava | molten rock or magma that emerges onto the earth's surface |
| lithosphere | the rocky outer layer of the solid earth, averaging about 100 km in depth; the lithosphere includes the continents, islands, and the entire ocean floor |
| magma | the molten or partly molten mixture of minerals, gases, and melted rock found below the earth's surface |
| magma chamber | reservoir of magma in the shallow part of the lithosphere, ascended from a deeper source, from which volcanic materials are derived |
| mantle | that part of earth´s interior beneath the crust and above the core, divided into upper mantle and lower mantle |
| mantle plume | rising mass of mantle abnormally hot or wet (or both); may lead to igneous activity |
| mass | the amount of matter in an object |
| matter | anything that takes up space and has mass; the three usual forms of matter are solid, liquid, and gas |
| metamorphic | A class of rocks that forms when heat and pressure act on igneous or sedimentary rock. |
| metamorphic rock | rock that has undergone change, caused by intense heat and pressure, from an earlier form, without melting |
| meteorite | a meteor that hits the surface of the earth, having made it through the atmosphere without vaporizing completely |
| midocean ridge | long elevated region of the ocean floor with a central valley running along its top |
| pahoehoe | Hawaiian term; type of basaltic lava flow with a smooth, billowy, or ropy surface |
| paleomagnetism | natural remnant magnetization of earth materials; also the study of that magnetization acquired by rocks to determine the direction and intensity of earth´s magnetic field in the geologic past |
| plate boundary | zone of seismic and tectonic activity along the edge of a tectonic plate |
| plate tectonics | the theory that earth´s surface consists of separate plates that move and interact, producing geologic features and events (for example, earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and earth´s crust itself) |
| plates | sections of lithosphere that move slowly over the surface of the earth |
| pluton | a large body of intrusive igneous rock that has solidified underground |
| pyroclastic | formed by or involving fragmentation as a result of volcanic or igneous action |
| radiometric dating | also isotopic dating; method to calculate age of a geologic material by measuring its content of a short |
| refraction | the bending of light as it moves from one medium to another |
| rhyolite | a very acid volcanic rock; the lava form of granite |
| rhyolitic | containing rhyolite, a very acid volcanic rock, the lava form of granite |
| rift | a place on earth´s crust where divergence occurs; a crack, fissure, or other opening in rock; a continental trough bounded by normal faults |
| rift valley | a valley with steep sides, formed by a rift in the earth´s crust where plates have moved apart, on the continent or on the seafloor |
| seafloor spreading | the movement of two oceanic plates away from each other as new ocean floor forms between them |
| seismic sea wave | a tsunami; a sea wave caused by disturbance, or movement, of the seafloor |
| seismic waves | compression waves caused by movements in the earth´s crust; seismic waves radiate outward from the source of an earthquake |
| seismograph | also seismometer; an instrument that detects and records earth vibrations, specifically earthquake waves |
| seismometer | also seismograph; instrument that detects and records earth vibrations, specifically earthquake waves |
| shadow zone | an area of earth´s interior where there is little penetration of seismic waves |
| sonar | acronym for sound navigation and ranging, an oceanographic method for studying the ocean floor |
| subduction | the process in which oceanic lithosphere sinks into the mantle at a convergent boundary |
| tephra | collective term for all pyroclastic material regardless of size, shape, or origin, ejected during an explosive volcanic eruption |
| transform boundary | a boundary between two tectonic plates where they are moving past one another without creating or destroying lithosphere |
| trench | narrow elongated depression on the deep sea floor |
| triangulation | a trigonometric way (having to do with properties of triangles) to find a position or location by means of bearings for fixed points a known distance apart |
| tsunami | a seismic sea wave, caused by disturbance of the seafloor such as an earthquake |
| viscosity | a measure of a fluid´s resistance to flow |
| volcanic neck | an isolated, steep remnant of lava that once occupied the vent of a volcano |
| volcano | vent in earth´s surface through which magma, gases, and ash erupt |
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