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ENZYMES
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| homeostasis | constancy of the body's internal environment by means of self-regulation |
| enzyme | - a protein molecule that functions as an organic catalyst:(speeds up reactions by lowering the energy of activation) - molecules that control metabolism |
| metabolism | all the chemical changes that occur within a cell that maintain homeostasis |
| substrate | - reactant in a reaction controlled by an enzyme |
| energy of activation | energy that must be added to cause molecules to react with one another |
| cofactor | an inorganic ion (often minerals minerals) or an organic non-protein:("coenzyme") that helps enzymes to function properly |
| coenzyme | organic non-protein molecule that aids the action of the enzyme (to which it is loosely bound) - usually derived from vitamins |
| vitamin | small organic molecules required in our diet (in small amounts) for synthesis of coenzymes |
| metabolic pathways | step-wise series of chemical reactions from the initial REACTANTS to the final PRODUCTS |
| how do most enzymes get their names? | named after their substrates |
| three important characteristics of an enzyme: | - function is to speed up reaction rates - act specifically with only one or more reactant(s) [aka substrate(s)] |
| the place where the substrate actually binds on the enzyme is called the _____, and has a specific ______ that allows the substrate to bind | - active site - geometric shape |
| the substrate enters the active site & the enzyme helps complete the reaction, which is either ______ or ______ | - "ANA"bolism (synthesizing / joining together) - "CATA"bolism (breaking bonds) |
| apoenzyme | the protein part of an enzyme |
| the apoezyme may be inactive until joined by a ______. In many cases, the enzyme consists of the protein and a combination of one or more of these. (this enzyme complex is usually called just "the enzyme") | cofactor |
| describe: (1) lock and key theory (2) induced fit theory | (1) substrate fits EXACTLY into enzyme's active site. 1 type of substrate for every enzyme. If wrong shape, then no reaction (2) active site is a bit flexible--adjusts to molds itself around substrate. Still only bonds to a specific substrate |
| activation energy | energy that must be supplied to cause molecules to react with each other. Enzymes lower this energy by bringing molecules closer together & holding them there while reaction takes place |
| factors affecting enzyme activity: (detail on written sheet) | - pH - temperature ( > 40° C = denatured) - concentrations of substrate - concentration of enzyme |
| enzyme inhibitors | molecules that interact with the enzyme to prevent it from working normally (eg: drugs & poisons) |
| competitive inhibitors | inhibitor closely resembles the substrate--enters active site, preventing actual substrate from going in - USUALLY REVERSIBLE |
| non-competitive inhibitors | inhibitor bonds near or away from active site--modifies structure of the enzyme and active site so the substrate cannot fit |
| allosteric inhibition | type of non-competitive inhibition--inhibitor binds at a site away from the active site, changing the structure so that the substrate doesn't fit (eg: metals bonding -- IRREVERSIBLE denatures or deactivates them) |
Created by:
Alyssa_bas
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