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APES Ch. 20 Vocab
Sustainability, Economics, and Equity - AP Environmental Science, Chapter 20
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Genuine progress indicator (GPI) | A measure that attempts to address the shortcomings of GDP by including measures of personal consumption, income distribution, levels of higher education, resource depletion, pollution, and the health of the population rather than just production |
| The Kuznets curve | A model that suggests that as per-capita income in a country increases, environmental degradation first increases then decreases |
| Technology transfer | When less-developed countries adopt technological innovations developed in wealthier countries - can result in leapfrogging, when new technology makes old technology obsolete before the old technology is installed in developing countries |
| Microlending | The practice of loaning small amounts of money to people who intend to start a small business in a developing country |
| Market failure | When an economic system does not appropriately account for all costs (environmental degradation and other externalities) |
| Environmental economics | A subfield of economics that examines the costs and benefits of various policies and regulations that seek to regulate or limit air and water pollution and other causes of environmental degradation |
| Ecological economics | Treats economics as a component of ecological systems - a method of managing the economy as a subsystem of both natural and human systems |
| Valuation | The process of assigning monetary value to intangible benefits and natural capital - practiced by environmental and ecological economists |
| Environmental worldview | How you think the world works, how you view your role in it, and what you believe to be proper environmental behavior |
| The anthropocentric worldview | Believes humans have intrinsic value and nature has instrumental value to provide for our needs |
| The stewardship worldview | A subset of the anthropocentric worldview - believes in the careful and responsible management of Earth and its resources |
| The biocentric worldview | Says humans are just one of many species, all of which have intrinsic value |
| The ecocentric worldview | Places equal value on all living organisms and the ecosystems in which they live |
| The United Nations | An institution dedicated to promoting dialogue between countries with the goal of maintaining world peace |
| The United Nations Environmental Programme | Researches and assess environmental problems and negotiates environmental treaties - headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya |
| The World Bank | Provides technical/financial assistance to developing countries - headquartered in Washington, D.C. |
| The World Health Organization | Monitors and assesses health trends and provides medical advice to countries - headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland |
| The United Nations Development Programme | Advocates change that helps people obtain better lives through development; adresses issues of democratic governance, poverty reduction, crisis prevention/recovery, environment/energy issues, and preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS - headquartered in NYC |
| The Environmental Protection Agency | Oversees all government efforts related to the environment, writes/develops regulations, and helps enforce those regulations |
| The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) | Enforces health/safety regulations in the workplace, conducts inspections and educational efforts |
| The Department of Energy (DOE) | Aims to advance the energy and economic security of the US - pursues scientific discovery/innovation and environmental responsibility |
| Human development index (HDI) | Combines three basic measures of human status: life expectancy, knowledge and education as shown by the adult literacy rate and educational attainment, and standard of living as shown by per-capita GDP and purchasing power |
| Human poverty index (HPI) | Counterpart to HDI, developed by the UN to investigate the proportion of people suffering from deprivation in a country with a high HDI - measures percent of population expected to live past 40, knowledge, and standard of living |
| Command-and-control approach | Sets regulations and controls them with fines and other punishments |
| Incentive-based approach | Constructs financial and other incentives for meeting standards |
| Green tax | A tax placed on environmentally harmful activities or emissions in an attempt to internalize some of the exteralities that may be involved in the life cycle of those activities or products |
| Triple bottom line | We need to take into account environmental, social, and economic factors when making decisions about business, the economy, and development |
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