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APES Ch. 11 Vocab
Feeding the World - AP Environmental Science, Chapter 11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Undernutrition | Not consuming enough calories to be healthy |
| Malnourished | Having a diet that lacks the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals |
| Food security | Having access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets one's dietary needs for an active and healthy life |
| Food insecurity | Not having adequate access to food |
| Famine | A condition in which food insecurity is so extreme that large numbers of deaths occur in a given area over a relatively short period |
| Anemia | A deficiency of iron |
| Overnutrition | Ingestion of too many calories and improper foods |
| Meat | Livestock or poultry consumed as food |
| Industrial agriculture (agribusiness) | Agriculture that applies the techniques of the Industrial Revolution (mechanization and standardization) to the production of food |
| Energy subsidy | The energy input per calorie of food produced |
| Green Revolution | A shift in agricultural practices in the 1940s and 1950s that included new management techniques, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties and resulted in increased food output |
| Economies of scale | The average cost of production falls as output increases |
| Waterlogging | A form of soil degradation that occurs when soil remains underwater for prolonged periods |
| Salinization | A form of soil degradation that occurs when the small amounts of salts in irrigation water become highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation |
| Organic fertilizers | Fertilizers composed of organic matter from plants and animals |
| Synthetic fertilizers | Fertilizers produced commercially, normally with the use of fossil fuels |
| Monocropping | An agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species - improves productivity, but can lead to erosion and attacks from pests |
| Pesticides | Substances, either natural or synthetic, that kill or control organisms that people consider pests |
| Insecticides | Pesticides that target species of insects and other invertebrates |
| Herbicides | Pesticides that target plant species that compete with crops |
| Broad-spectrum pesticides | Pesticides that kill many different kinds of pests |
| Selective pesticides | Pesticides that target a narrow range of organisms |
| Persistent pesticides | Pesticides that remain in the environment for a relatively long time (ex: DDT, a fat-soluble chemical that accumulates in fatty tissue) |
| Bioaccumulation | An increased concentration of a chemical within an organism over time |
| Nonpersistent pesticide | A pesticide that breaks down rapidly, usually in weeks or months |
| Resistant | Describes the few individuals that are not as susceptible to a pesticide as others and may survive |
| Pesticide treadmill | A cycle of pesticide development, followed by pest resistance, followed by new pesticide development |
| Shifting agriculture | An agricultural method in which land is cleared and used for a few years until the soil is depleted of nutrients |
| Desertification | The transformation of arable, productive land to desert or unproductive land due to climate change or destructive land use |
| Nomadic grazing | Feeding herds of animals by moving them to seasonally productive feeding grounds, often over long distances - the only way to use soil types that have very low productivity |
| Sustainable agriculture | Agriculture that fulfills the need for food and fiber while enhancing the quality of the soil, minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources, and allowing economic viability for the farmer |
| Intercropping | An agricultural method in which two or more crops are planted in the same field at the same time to promote synergistic interaction (ex: corn requires much nitrogen and peas are a nitrogen-fixing crop) |
| Crop rotation | An agricultural technique in which crops in fields are alternated from season to season |
| Agroforestry | An agricultural technique in which trees and vegetables are intercropped to reduce erosion |
| Contour plowing | An agricultural technique in which plowing and harvesting are done parallel to the topographic contours of the land - helps mitigate erosion |
| No-till agriculture | An agricultural method in which farmers do not turn the soil between seasons, used as a means of reducing erosion and carbon dioxide (because organic matter in the soil undergoes less oxidization), but often requires more herbicides |
| Integrated pest management | An agricultural practice that uses a variety of techniques (crop rotation, intercropping, using pest-resistant crop varieties, creating habitats for predators of pests) designed to minimize pesticide inputs |
| Organic agriculture | Production of crops with the goal of improving the soil each year without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers |
| Concentrated animal feeding operations | Large indoor structures used to raise animals at very high densities |
| Fishery | A commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region |
| Fishery collapse | The decline of a fish population by 90% or more |
| Bycatch | The unintentional catch of nontarget species while fishing |
| Individual transferable quotas | A fishery management program in which individual fishers are given a total allowable amount of fish that fishers can catch in a season. Fishers can also sell part of their allotment. |
| Aquaculture | Farming aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and seaweeds |
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emilyjane1221
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