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APES Ch. 8 Vocab
Earth Systems - AP Environmental Science, Chapter 8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Igneous rock | Forms directly from magma that cools |
| Intrusive igneous rock | Forms from within Earth as magma cools |
| Extrusive igneous rock | Forms when magma cools above Earth (e.g. when a volcano erupts and lava cools) |
| Sedimentary rock | Forms when sediment (mud, sand, gravel) is compressed by overlying sediment. Where fossils are formed. |
| Metamorphic rock | Forms when other rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures (ex: coal and diamonds) |
| Weathering | When rocks are exposed to air, water, certain chemicals, or biological agents that damage the rock |
| Physical weathering | The mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals (ex: tree roots, abrasive sand) |
| Chemical weathering | The breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions (ex: water containing carbonic acid wears away limestones, sometimes forming caves) |
| Erosion | The physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem (by wind, water, ice transport, or living organisms) |
| Deposition | The accumulation of eroded material |
| Cation exchange property | The ability of a soil to absorb and release cations (positively charged mineral ions) |
| Ores | An accumulation of minerals from which economically valuable minerals can be extracted (must be worth more than it costs to mine) |
| Metals | Elements that can conduct electricity and heat energy and perform other functions |
| Spoils and tailings | Unwanted waste materials removed in the mining process |
| Strip mining | The removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore - used when the desired ore is relatively close to Earth's surface and runs parallel to it |
| Open pit mining | Creating a large hole in the ground - used when the resource is close to the surface but extends horizontally and vertically |
| Mountain top removal | Removing the entire top of a mountain with explosives |
| Placer mining | Looking for metals and stones in river sediments |
| Mining Law of 1872 | A law passed by Congress to allow the mining of silver, copper, gold ore, and fuels (natural gas and oil) on federal lands -meant to encourage development/settlement, so few environmental regulations. The first piece of mining legislation in the USA |
| Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 | An act that regulates the surface mining of coal and the surface effects of subsurface coal mining. The most recent piece of mining legislation in the USA |
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emilyjane1221
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