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Earthquakes1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Earthquake | a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action |
| Crust | A the tough outer part |
| Fault | In geology, a place where sections of the crust of the |
| Mantle | The region of the interior of the Earth between the core (on its inner surface) and the crust (on its outer). |
| Lithosphere | Includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which constitute the hard and rigid outer layer of the Earth. |
| Lithospheric Plates | noun. the two sub-layers of the earth's crust (lithosphere) that move, float, and sometimes fracture and whose interaction causes continental drift, earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains |
| Seismologist | is the study of seismic waves, energy waves caused by rock suddenly breaking apart within the earth or the slipping of tectonic plates. |
| P-Wave | Are a type of body wave, called seismic waves in seismology, that travel through a continuum |
| S-Wave | Shear wave, is a seismic body wave that shakes the ground back and forth perpendicular to the direction the wave is moving. |
| Surface Wave | Can also be an elastic (or a seismic) wave, such as with a Rayleigh or Love wave. |
| Focus | The point at witch a rock under stress breaks and triggers an earthquake |
| Epicenter | epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface that is directly above the hypocrite or focus, |
| Richter Scale | Developed in the 1930s, is a base-10 logarithmic scale, which defines magnitude |
| Moment-Magnitude | Moment magnitude (Mw) was introduced in 1979 |
| Mercalli Scale | Intensity scale is a seismic scale used for measuring the intensity of an earthquake. |
| Seismic Waves | Are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion. |
| Magnitude | The great size or extent of something. |
| Seismograph | An instrument that measures and records details of earthquakes, such as force and duration. |
| Liquefaction | Is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading |
| Aftershock | An aftershock is a smaller earthquake that occurs after a previous large earthquake, in the same area of the main shock. |
| Tsunami | Also known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake |
| Base isolators | separate a building from its foundation. They also prevent some of the earthquake's energy from entering the building |
| Shear core walls | help transfer some of an earthquake's energy from the floor and roof to the foundation. |
| Tension ties | firmly “tie” the floors and ceilings in a building to the walls. They absorb and scatter earthquake energy to reduce damage. |
| Steel Cross Braces | are placed between stories to stiffen a building’s frame and absorb energy during an earthquake. |
| Dampers | work like the shock absorbs in a car to absorb some of the energy of seismic waves. |
| Flexible Pipes | Water and gas pipes have flexible joints. Flexible pipes bend as energy passes through them, greatly reducing damage. |
| Compression | The reduction in volume |
| Tension | Apply a force to (something) that tends to stretch it. |
| Stress | Importance attached to a thing |
| Strike-slip fault | Are vertical (or nearly vertical) fractures where the blocks have mostly moved horizontally. |
| Normal fault | Generally occur in places where the lithosphere is being stretched |
| Reverse fault | One rocky block is pushed up relative to rock on the other side. |
| Shearing | Strain, which is a deformation of a material substance |
| San Andreas fault | An active strike-slip fault in W United States, extending from San Francisco |
| Plateau | An area of flat land high elevated above sea level. |
| Haning wall | Is the block positioned over the fault. |
| Foot wall | Is the block positioned under it. |
| Anticline | Are folds in which each half of the fold dips away from the crest. |
| Sycline | Are folds in which each half of the fold dips toward the trough of the fold. |
| Asthenosphere | It lies below the lithosphere, at depths between approximately 80 and 200 km. |
| Mantle | Is a layer between the crust and the outer core. |
| Crust | The crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet. |
| Inner Core | Is the Earth's innermost part and according to seismological studies. |
| Outer Core | The Earth is a liquid layer about 2,300 km |
| Lithosphere | Is the solid outer section of Earth, which includes Earth's crust |
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