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Earthquakes
earthquakes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| earthquake | vibrations in the earth caused by sudden burst of energy |
| crust | the earths outer layer |
| fault | a fracture in bedrock |
| mantle | the layer of the earth beneath the crust |
| lithoshere | the cool, solid outer shell of the earth |
| lithospheric plates | the plates of the lithoshere |
| seismologist | a scientists who study's earthquakes |
| P waves | a type of seismic wave that compress and expands the ground |
| S waves | a type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down |
| surface waves | slowest seismic waves that produce the most sever ground movements |
| focus | the point beneath the earths surface at which rock under stress breaks and triggers an earthquake |
| epicenter | the point directly above the focus |
| richer scale | measures the earthquake by the seismic waves |
| moment magnitude scale | estimates the total energy releasted by the earthquake |
| mercalli scale | measures the earthquake by damage |
| magnitude | a measurement of the earthquake strength |
| seismograph | records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through the Earth |
| seismic waves | energy from an earthquake that travel through the earth |
| aftershock | a smaller earthquake that comes after an earthquake |
| tsunami | a huge wave |
| liquefaction | when shaking of the earth shakes the soil which settles and turns to mud |
| Base Isolators | They are pads that isolate the building from the foundation and help prevent some of the earthquake's energy from entering the building or house. |
| Shear Core Walls | A shear wall transfers some of a quake’s energy from roofs and floor to the building’s foundation. |
| Tension Ties | These devices firmly “tie” the floors and ceilings of a building to the walls. Tension ties absorb and scatter earthquake energy and thus reduce damage. |
| Cross Bracing | Steel cross braces are placed between stories to stiffen a building’s frame and absorb energy during an earthquake. |
| Flexible Pipe | They are water and gas pipes that are flexible and can reduce the amount of damage by bending when energy passes through them. |
| Mass Damper | Big medal bars that you put in a wall of buildings and houses to help absorb the energy of seismic waves. |
| compression | pushes rock together |
| tension | when the rock streches |
| stress | the force on the rock masses that causes earthquakes |
| strick-slip fault | the rock masses slide past each other |
| normal fault | the hanging wall slides down past the footwall |
| reverse fault | the hanging wall slips up past the footwall |
| shearing | when the rock masses slip each other |
| San Andreas fault | a fault that runs through California |
| plateau | a mountain-like thing that has a flat top |
| hanging wall | a block of rock that is lies above a fault |
| footwall | a block of rock that is below a fault |
| anticline | is a type of fold that is an arch-like shape (hill) |
| sycline | is a type of fold that is an arch-like shape (valley) |
| crust | the thin outer core of the earth |
| lithosphere | the top, rigid part of the mantle |
| asthnoshere | the part of the mantle that is hot and taffy-like and is under the lithoshere |
| outer core | the layer that is made up of liquid iron and metal |
| inner core | a solid ball of iron |
| mantle | the layer between the core and crust, solid/plastic like, and the thickest of all layers |
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