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Neurology
First Aid: Neurology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| These cells provide neuronal physical support and help to maintain the blood brain barrier. | Astrocytes |
| These cells are the inner lining of ventricles. | Ependymal |
| These cells serve as neurologic phagocytes. | Microglia |
| These cells produce myelin. | Schwann cells (peripherally); Oligodenroglia (centrally) |
| The only CNS/PNS supportive cells that don't arise from ectoderm. | Microglia; originates from mesoderm |
| These cells form multinucleated giant cells with HIV-infection. | Microglia |
| These are the cells which are destroyed in multiple sclerosis. | Oligodendroglia |
| Acoustic neuroma is an example of this type of tumor and mostly involves what nerves? | Schwannoma; CN VII and VIII |
| Sensory corpuscles involved in light discriminatory touch. | Meissner's |
| Sensory corpuscles involved in pressure, coarse touch, and vibration. | Pacinian |
| Sensory corpuscles involved in light, crude touch. | Merkel's |
| What are the primary hypothalamic functions? | "TAN HATS!"; Thirst, Adenohypophysis, Neurohypophysis, Hunger, Autonomic, Temperature, Sexual Urges |
| This is the major relay center for ascending sensory information | Thalamus |
| What sensory information travels through the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus? | Visual |
| What sensory information travels throught the medial geniculate nucleus? | Auditory |
| What sensory information travels through the Ventral posterior nucleus (VPL and VPM)? | VPL is body sensation; VPM is facial sensation |
| This structure is important in controlling voluntary movements and postural adjustments. | Basal ganglia |
| What is the difference between the direct and indirect pathway? | Direct pathway facilitates movement, indirect inhibits movement |
| A stroke of this artery will effect motor control of the leg and foot. | Anterior cerebral artery |
| Broca's and Wernicke's speech areas are supplied by this artery. | Middle cerebral artery |
| This is the most common site of berry aneurysm, lesions may cause visual-field defects. | Anterior communicating artery |
| These arteries supply th einternal capsule, caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. | Lateral striae |
| The dorsal columns ascend in this manner and decussate at what point? | Ipsilaterally; decussate at medulla |
| Spinothalamic tract ascends in this manner and decussate at what point? | Contralaterally; decussate at anterior white comissure |
| Lateral corticospinal tract descends in this manner and decussates at what point? | Ipsilaterally from motor cortex, decussates ate medulla, then descends contralaterally |
| Damage to this structure causes Erb's palsy. | Upper trunk of brachial plexus |
| Damage to this structure causes Klumpke's palsy (claw hand). | Lower trunk of brachial plexus |
| Damage to these nerves causes wrist drop? | Posterior cord or radial nerve |
| Damage to this nerve causes deltoid paralysis? | Axillary nerve |
| Damage to this nerve causes winged scapula. | Long thoracic nerve |
| Damage to this nerve causes difficulty in flexing elbow, as well as variable sensory loss. | Musculocutaneous nerve |
| What is thoracic outlet syndrome? | Embryologic defect causing compression of the subclavian artery and inferior trunk resulting in: atrophy of thenar and hypothenar eminences, atrophy of interossesu muscles, claw hand and disappearance of radial pulse when looking contralaterally |
| Damage to this nerve will result in loss of dorsiflexion (foot drop). | Common peroneal (L4-S2) |
| Damage to this nerve will result in loss of plantar flexion. | Tibial (L4-S3) |
| Damage of this nerve will result in loss of knee extension/knee jerk. | Femoral (L2-L4) |
| Damage to this nerve will result in loss of hip adduction. | Obturator (L2-L4) |
| Damage to this structure will result in right anopia? | right optic nerve |
| Damage to this structure will result in bitemporal hemianopia. | optic chiasm |
| Damage to this structure will result in left homonymous hemianopia? | Left field lost in both eyes; right optic tract |
| These are the only two muscles of the eye not innervated by the oculomotor nerve. | Lateral rectus (innervated by abducens) and superior oblique( innervated by trochlear) |
| What are the 3 neural tube defects and their usual cause? | Usually caused by low folic acid intake during pregnancy; spina bifida occulta (failure of bony canal to close; meningocele (herniation of meninges); meningomyocele (herniation of meninges and spinal cord) |
| Damage to this area causes nonfluent aphasia with good comprehension. | Broca's aphasia |
| Damage to this area causes fluent aphasia with poor comprehension. | Wernicke's aphasia |
| Damage to this area results in tremor at rest, chorea, or athetosis. | Basal ganglia |
| Damage to this area causes Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. | Mammillary bodies |
| Damage to this area causes truncal ataxia. | Cerebellar vermis |
| This disease is associated with beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. | Alzheimer's disease |
| Parkinson's like disease associated with aggregated tau proteins and specific for frontal and temporal lobes. | Pick's disease; |
| Associated with chorea and dementia due to atrophy of the caudate nucleus. | Huntingtons disease |
| Associated with Lewy bodies and depigmentation of substantia nigra. | Parkinson's disease |
| Olivopontocerebellar atrophy results in this syndrome. | friedreich's ataxia |
| Degeneration of both LMN and UMN with no sensory deficits. | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| Inherited degeneration of anterior horn cells resulting in flaccid paralysis and tongue fasciculations. | Werdnig-Hoffman disease |
| Degeneration of anterior horn cells resulting in LMN signs, often in association with flu-like symptoms. | Poliomyelitis |
| Periventricular plaques with oligodendrocyte loss and reactive gliosis. Relapsing remitting course. Diagnosis? | Multiple sclerosis |
| Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is associated with this virus. | JC virus in AIDS patients |
| Inflammation and demylination of peripheral nerves causing symmetric ascending muscle weakness. | Guillain-Barre syndrome |
| Seizure resembling a blank stare. | Absence (petit mal) |
| Seizure consisting of quick, repetitive jerks. | Myoclonic |
| Alternating stiffening and movement seizure. | Tonic-clonic (grand mal) |
| Epidural hematoma is associated with rupture of this vessel. | Middle meningeal artery |
| Subdural hematoma is associated with rupture of this vessel. | Venous bleeding |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with rupture of this vessel. | Rupture of berry aneurysm (circle of willis) |
| Most common adult brain tumor. | Glioblastome multiforme |
| Easily resectable brain tumor arising from arachnoid cells. | Meningioma |
| Slow growing tumor of the frontal lobes associated with "fried egg" cells. | Oligodendroglioma |
| Benign childhood tumor that can cause bitemporal hemianopsia. | Craniopharyngioma (pituitary adenoma can as well but not common in children) |
| Cerebellar tumor associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. | Hemangioblastoma (vHL when with retinal angiomas); Can produce EPO leading to secondary polycythemia |
| Highly malignant cerebellar tumor. | Medulloblastoma |
| Tumor associated with enlarged fourth ventricles and capable of causing hydrocephalus. | Ependymoma |
| Patient presents with scanning speech, intention tremor, and nystagmus. | Multiple sclerosis |
| Occlusion of this artery results in sparing of dorsal columns. | Ventral artery |
| Degeneration of dorsal roots and dorsal columns leading to impaired proprioception and locomotor ataxia in this disease. | Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphillis); Argyll Robertson pupils |
| How would you distinguish between an upper and lower motor facial lesion? | UMN lesion results in contralateral paralysis of lower face only; LMN lesion results in ipsilateral paralysis of upper and lower face |
| Ipsilateral facial paralysis with inability to close eye on involved side. | Bell's palsy |
| In a CN XII lesion the tongue will deviate toward or away from side of lesion? | Toward side of lesion |
| In a CN V mot lesion, jaw will deviate toward or away from side of lesion? | Toward side of lesion |
| In a CN X lesion, uvula will deviate toward or away side of lesion? | Away from side of lesion |
| In a CN XI lesion, what physical exam findings can one expect? | Weakness turning head toward contralateral side (SCM) and shoulder droop (trapezius) |
Created by:
rahjohnson
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