Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Satterlie Test 3
Photosynthesis and Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the basic goal of photosynthesis? | to make organic molecules from CO2 |
| Autotroph | organism that produces organic molecules |
| Photoautotroph | use light energy to make organic molecules |
| Heterotroph | must consume organic molecules |
| What organelle is the site of photosynthesis? | Choloroplast inner and outer membranes, thylakoid, thylakoid membrane, thylakoid lumen, granum, stroma |
| What molecule absorbs light energy in photosynthesis? | Chlorophyll |
| In what structure is the light-absorbing molecule found? | Chloroplast |
| When a pigment absorbs light energy, what happens that allows it to initiate a series of energy-yielding reactions? | When a chloroplast gets excited by light can donate electron energy to a non excited chloroplast |
| What happens in Photosystem 2? | light is harvested, energy can be donated from one chloroplast to another, p680 transfers excited electrons to start electron transport, in order for p680 to function again it needs to get its 2 electrons back- get those by the splitting of water |
| What is resonance energy transfer and how is it used in photosystem 2? | transfer energy from molecule to molecule |
| What is the reaction center of PS II? | p680 |
| What is the role of p680 in PS II? | transfers excited electrons to start electron transport |
| Where are the components of the photosystems found? | thylakoid membrane |
| Why is water cleaved in PS II but not PS I? | In PS II p680 donates electrons but needs them back so it does so by splitting water |
| When electrons leave PS II and run through the electron transport series, what is the released energy used for? | to go across the membrane, later resulting in ATP synthase |
| What are the ultimate products of the non-cyclic electron flow in the light reactions of photosynthesis? | ATP, NaDPh |
| What is the cyclic electron flow and how does it differ from the non-cyclic electron flow? | Cyclic electron flow avoids both PSII and the donation of electrons to NADP+. Electrons instead are passed from PSI to an electron transport chain, resulting in proton pumping,returned to reduce PSI, returning that photosystem to its ground state |
| Why are both cyclic and non-cyclic energy flows needed? | non cyclic produces NaDH and cyclic produces ATP |
| What does ATP synthase do in the thylakoid membrane? | |
| How is the proton gradient formed and across what membrane? Where is it high and where is it low? | high- thylakoid lumen, stroma |
| What is the function of the Calvin Cycle part of Photosynthesis? | produce carbohydrates |
| In the Calvin Cycle involved in production of energy? | no |
| Where in a Eukaryotic cell does the Calvin Cycle take place? | the stroma of a chloroplast |
| What are the 3 phases of the Calvin Cycle? | 1. Carbon fixation 2. reduction of carb 3. regeneration |
| Phase 1: Carbon Fixation | CO2 is bound to a s-carbon sugar (rubicso) called RuBP |
| Phase 2: Reduction of Carb | organic molecules are reorganized, requiring both ATP and NADPH energy to make glucose |
| Phase 3: Regeneration | regeneration of RuBP |
| What is Rubisco and what does it do? | most plentiful enzyme on earth that catalyzes initial event |
| Direct intercellular cell signalling | gap junctions |
| Contact- dependent cell signalling | requires receptors/membrane bound proteins that are specific for a stimulatory molecule |
| Autocrine cell signalling | self stimulation mechanism/chemical released from cell which has receptors to that chemical mechanism for amplification of a response |
| Paracrine cell signalling | first cell releases chemical so that a second cell could get a reaction to that chemical. two nearby cells communicate through release of a chemical from one cell and interaction of hat chemical with a receptor on the other cell |
| Endocrine cell signalling | hormones; released into circulatory system releasing tissue can be some distance from target tissue |
| What is a gap junction? | allows small molecules to go from one cell to another without being sent out of the cell. direct pathways from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of another cell through which small molecules and electrical currents can pass |
| What is a ligand and how do they trigger a response in a target cell? | the chemical in signalling and response receptor |
| What is signal transduction? | take a stimulant and produce a response |
| What does a protein kinase do? | enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation) |
| How does adrenaline alter the activity of skeletal muscle? | amplifies the response, control, pathways can branch to impact different aspects of cell function |
| What does adenylyl cyclase do? | produces cAMP from ATP and activates protein kinase and a cellular response |
| To shut down a cAMP response, what two termination mechanisms does a cell use? | phosphodieterase- inactivates cAMP protein phosphatases- dephosphorate proteins |
| What is another common second messenger other than cAMP? | cGMP DAG IP3 |
| What is apoptosis? | programmed cell death |
| What is the difference between a diploid and haploid cell? | 2n n |
| What does it mean when chromosomes are called homologues? | members of a pair of chromosomes |
| What are the three phases of interphase? | G1- cell becomes committed to divide if it receives the right molecular signals and its under the right environmental conditions S phase- chromosomes are replicated to produce a pair of sister chromatids G2- more cell growth, protein synthesis/cell di |
| Astral Microtubules | extend away from chromosomes and used to position the 2 spindle apparati- form the 2 poles |
| Polar Microtubules | used to push poles apart |
| Kinetochore microtubules | pull sister chromatids apart and move them to spindles at the two poles |
| Sister chromatids | two identical copies formed by the replication of a single chromosome |
| centromere | links sister chromatids |
| chromosome condensation | dramatic reorganization of the long thin chromatin strands into compact short chromosomes that occurs in mitosis and meiosis. |
| Phases of Mitosis | PPMAT |
| Prophase | separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. |
| Prometaphase | eparates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells, nuclear envelope, breaks down. |
| Metaphase | chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate |
| Anaphase | chromosomes split apart, going to either side of the cell |
| telephase | sister chromatids reach opposite poles. The small nuclear vesicles in the cell begin to re-form around the group of chromosomes at each end. |
| cytokinesis | animal cell- formation of the cleavage furrow, constricts to produce 2 seperate cells plant cell- golgi derived vesicles line up in the center of 2 nuclei, vesicles form to cell plate, forms cell wall between 2 daughter cells |
| cleavage furrow | indentation of the cell's surface that occurs during cytokinesis |
| Why is it necessary for meiosis to include two division cycles? | to get 23 sister chromatid pairs per division |
| Synaptonemal complex | a protein structure that forms between homologous chromosomes during meiosis and is thought to mediate chromosome pairing, synapsis, and recombination. |
| bivalent (tetrad) | a pair of associated homologous chromosomes held together by a complex after chromosome replication. |
| crossing over | the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction. |
| meiosis 1 | process by which replicated chromosomes undergo two nuclear divisions to produce four haploid cells |
| Meiosis 2 | basically mitosis |
| What is a diploid-dominant organism? | humans |
| What is a haploid- dominant organism? | algae human gametes |
| What does alternation of generations mean and how is it related to the diploid/haploid situations? | the only haploid cells in humans are gametes and they alternate through generations |
| Sporophyte | diploid (meiosis produces spores, produce gametophyte) |
| Gametophyte | haploid (produces haploid gametes-fertilization produces dipload sporophyte) |
| What are the four kinds of chromosome mutations? | Deletions , Duplications, inversions, translocations |
| Deletions | lose a segment of a chromosome- usually deleterious |
| Duplications | segment of a chromosome can occur 2 or more times in a row- typically deleterious |
| Inversions | change in direction of genetic material in a chromosome |
| Translocations | one segment of a chromosome becomes attached to a different chromosome |
| Euploid | correct number of chromosomes |
| Polyploid | 3 or more copies of a chromosome |
| Aneuploid | not an exact multiple of a set |
| Trisomy | if the extra copy was of chromosome 3 |
| Monosomy | presence of only one chromosome in a pair |
| trisomy 21 | down syndrome |
| Trait | identifiable characteristic of an organism |
| Hybridization | breeding of 2 individuals of the same species with different traits |
| Genotype | genetic identity |
| Phenotype | outward appearance |
| P generation | parents |
| F1 generation | first offspring |
| What conclusions did Mendel reach from his experiments on pea plants? | 1. traits exist as dominant and recessive 2. 2 genes are carried for a given character 3. genes have varients- alleles 4. 2 alleles seperate sperm and egg only recieve 1 allele 5. F1 expressed the trait of 1 parent or the other 6. "unit factors" |
| Law of Segregation | each parent carries 2 versions of a gene and the 2 alleles segregate from each other during gamete formation. each gamete only requires 1 allele |
| Law of Independent Assortment | alleles of different genes assort independently of each other during gamete formation- no linkage |
| mitogen | A chemical protein that encourages cell division |
Created by:
sbm4175
Popular Biology sets