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AP Biology_Ch 17

LCHS_AP Biology_Ch 17 Gene to Protein

TermDefinition
tRNA An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA.
SPLICEOSOME A complex assembly that interacts with the ends of an RNA intron in splicing RNA, releasing the intron, and joining the two adjacent exons.
TRANSCRIPTION The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template.
PROMOTER A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA.
ANTICODON A specialized base triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule.
E SITE One of three binding sites for tRNA during translation, it is the place where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome
P SITE One of three binding sites for tRNA during translation, it holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
rRNA The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins, forms the structure of ribosomes
NONSENSE A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
FRAMESHIFT A mutation occurring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the following nucleotides into codons.
TERMINATOR A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene.
MUTATION A rare change in the DNA of a gene ultimately creating genetic diversity.
TRANSLATION The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids.
RNA SPLICING The removal of noncoding portions (introns) of the RNA molecule after initial synthesis.
5 CAP The 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule modified by the addition of a cap of guanine nucleotide.
MISSENSE The most common type of mutation, a base-pair substitution in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid.
READING FRAME The way a cell's mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons.
TATA BOX A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex.
INTRON A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene.
DELETION A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.
A SITE One of three binding sites for tRNA during translation, it holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain
RNA POLYMERASE An enzyme that links together the growing chain of ribonucleotides during transcription.
POLY-A TAIL The modified end of the 3' end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides
EXON A coding region of a eukaryotic gene which are expressed and separated from each other by introns.
CODON A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
MUTAGEN A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.
mRNA A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.
POINT MUTATION A change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair.
BASE-PAIR SUBSTITUTION A point mutation; the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotides.
INSERTION A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.
Created by: gtemple
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