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Immunology
Molecular and Cellular Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Innate Immunity | protection that you are born with, not an adaptive response to exposure. 1st line of response in hours, Epithelial barriers, Phagocytes, NK cells |
| Adaptive Immunity | Days after infection B lymphocytes>>produce ANTIBODIES T lymphocytes>>produce EFFECTOR T CELLS |
| Humoral Immunity | when microbe attack>>>B lymphocytes secrete antibody and eliminate bacteria, this transferred by antibodies |
| T and B cells. | They are lymphocytes. T cells transform into effector or helper cells, B cells transform into antibody-producing plasma cells |
| What happens during a secondary immune response? | when Ag is reintroduced, Ag rapidly form Ag-Ab complexes with circulating Abs; the complexes are bound to FDC in lymphoid follicles, thus making FDCs impt APCs for presenting Ag to memory B cells |
| does the secondary immune response require alot of Ag? | NO; memory cells and higher affinity receptors and FDCs concentrate Ag for presentation to B cells |
| Clonal expression leads to development of what other type of cells? | memory cells; thus a second round of contact with Ag results in a more rapid and stronger immune response |
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | T-cell attack against INTRAcellular Microbes. Helper T Cells, Suppressor T Cells, Cytotoxic T Cells, NK cells and Cytokines |
| What is the 1st step in Cell-mediated Immunity? | PHAGOCYTOSIS of Microbial Antigens by an Antigen Presenting Cell for presentation to specific T-cell Clones |
| What is the 2nd step in Cell-mediated Immunity? | processed Antigen ACTIVATES Cytotoxic T-cells and Helper T-cells |
| What is the function of Cytotoxic T-cells? | chemically destroy Virus-infected Host Cells bearing Foreign Antigens |
| How do Helper T-cells react during Cell-Mediated Immunity? | secrete Interleukin 2, Interleukin 6, and Chemotaxins |
| What are the Antigen Presenting Cells? | Type of Macrophages that process foreign antigen and display antigenic fragments to T cells – thereby alerting the immune system to the presence of foreign antigen. |
| Primary response | developed from very few lymphocytes |
| The Lymphatic System | The lymphatic system is composed of a network of vessels that penetrate nearly every tissue of the body and a collection of tissues/organs that produce immune cells. |
| Function and Components of Lymphatic System | a)Fluid Recovery b)Immunity c)Lipid Absorption Parts:LLymph, Lymphatic vessels, Lymphtatic tissue, Lymphatic organs |
| Lymphatic Cells Include the Following Types | B Lymphocytes, T Lymphocyte, Macrophages, Natural Killer (NK) cells, Dendritic cells, Reticular cells |
| Natural Killer (NK) cells | These are large lymphocytes that attack/destroy bacteria, host cells that have become infected with viruses or have become cancerous, and transplanted tissue cells. They are responsible for a means of defense called immune surveillance. |
| Macrophages | These are large, highly phagocytic cells of CT. They develop from monocytes that have emigrated from the blood. They phagocytize bacteria, tissue debris, dead neutrophils. |
| Functions of the lymph nodes | Cleanse the lymph & Provide a site for B and T cell activation. |
| B cells - Humoral | that produce antibody that is specialized to fight infections outside the cell. |
| T cells - Cell Mediated | that are designed to fight intracellular infections, viruses and cancer. |
| Development of T Cells, Activation and General Properties | Cell Mediated Immunity is primarily based on the activity of specialized lymphocytes called T cells. T cells originate from stem cells in the adult bone marrow. |
| Thymus | The thymus is a member of the lymphatic and endocrine systems – since it houses developing lymphocytes and produces hormones that regulate their later activity. |
| Development of B Cells, | B cells originate from the bone marrow in the adult and the liver in the fetus. Any B cells that react with themselves during fetal development, that is – they react against self antigen – are seen by the body as harmful. |
| Activation of Antibody-Producing B Cells by Clonal Selection | When a B cell recognizes a specific extracelluar antigen (bacteria, bacterial toxins or viruses that are circulating in body fluids), it becomes activated. More specifically the B cell divides and differentiates into two populations of cells |
| Secondary Immune Response | The second exposure to the same antigen illicits a secondary immune response. It is often called a memory response because it stimulates memory cells that were formed during the primary exposure to the antigen. |
| T helper cell | is the central cell of the entire specific immune response. Once activated, this cell can activate T cytotoxic cells, B cells(causing them to produce antibody) and macrophages. |
| Cytotoxic T Cells | These cells destroy cells that are infected intracellularly with viruses and bacteria. Once they encounter the antigen-MHC complex on the surface of an infected cell, the Cytotoxic T cell releases a protein called perforin which lyses the infected cell. |
| Suppressor T Cells | This group of T cells is thought to downregulate the immune system once it has completed its function. |
| Clonal Selection | Some of the B cells form clones of Plasma Cells which produce antibody that is specific to the stimulating antigen. |
| Activation of Antibody-Producing B Cells by Clonal Selection | When a B cell recognizes a specific extracelluar antigen (bacteria, bacterial toxins or viruses that are circulating in body fluids), it becomes activated. More specifically the B cell divides and differentiates into two populations of cells |
| Peripheral Mononuclear Cells Technique | Separation of peripheral blood using a density gradient T and B, NK, monocytes float to top red blood cells and granulocytes to bottom |
| Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell | Production of lymphoid cells from hematopoietic stem cells. Cell from which all blood cells are derived.Two major blood cell lineages Myeloid and Lymphoid cells develop in Bone Marrow |
| Myeloid Progenitor | Red Blood Cells, Platelets, Basophils, Eosinophils, Granulocyte-Neutophils, monocytes |
| Lymphoid Progenitors | B lymphocytes, T lympocytes, and NK cells |
| Eosinophils | granuels contain diff. substances that may produce inflammatory reaction, control or moderate extent of inflammatory process |
| Basophils | may contain histamine in its granules when symptoms of inflammation |
| Monocytes | type of white blood cells develop into macrophages |
| Recognition | invader is identified as self or not in phagocytosis |
| What are macrophages? | Long-lived cells that induce inflammation by chemokines and cytokines |
| What are dentritic cells? | Phagocytic cells that activate T lymphocytes by displaying antigens on their surface |
| What are Th1 cells? | provides cytokines to help T killer cells develop cytotoxic potential |
| What are Th2 cells? | A type of CD4 cells that activate naive b cells ; produces cytokines that cause B cells to produce IgE antibody |
| What is a MHC class I molecule? | Collects peptides from proteins synthesized in cytosol |
| What is a MHC class II molecule? | Collects peptides from proteins intracellular vesicles |
| What are MHC molecules? | Major histo-compatbility complex; membrane glycoproteins that antigens can bind to |
| What branch of the immune response are B cells responsible for? | humoral immunity (responses to extracellular pathogens) |
| What branch of the immune response are T cells responsible for? | cell mediated immunity (responses to intracellular pathogens) |
| What are Cytokines? | generic term for protein "messenger" chemicals that allow one cell to communicate with another Types of cytokines :interleukins; intererons; tumor necrosis factor; colony stimulating factor; histamines; chemokines |
| B CELL RECEPTOR SURFACE | CD19,20,40, Ig beta and alpha |
| T helper cells Receptor Surface | CD4 |
| Cytotoxic T cells Receptor Surface | CD8 |
| Macrophage/Monocyte Receptor Surface | MHC I, MHC II, proteolytic enzymes |
| Immune Memory | memory is stored in B and T memory cells that form clones in lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues; these memory cells rapidly activate upon secondary exposure to antigen and produce a strong immune response |
| Interferons | messenger proteins produced by virus-infected cells; alerts neighboring cells to produce anti-viral proteins; virus can still penetrate the cell but interferon prevents it from replicating once inside; host specific not virus specific |
| Immunoglobulin | a diverse group of plasma proteins (antibody class of proteins), that are one of the primary mechanisms for protection against disease |
Created by:
CarolineP
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