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EES110-EXAM1
EES110-EXAM1 FURMAN COULSON
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Briefly explain the Scientific Method. | Observations lead to a Question of a problem -> Hypothesis; Gather Data; Conclude whether or not Hypothesis was correct or incorrect |
| Define 'Hypothesis' and give a good and bad example. | Def: An ‘educated guess’ based on preliminary data or observations Ex (good): “Carnations grow faster than roses” Ex (bad): “Aliens can make flowers grow faster” |
| Define 'Theory'. | A hypothesis that has withstood multiple testings (tectonic plates) |
| Define 'Principle/Law'. | A theory that seems irrefutable (gravity) |
| Define 'Principle of Uniformitarianism'. | The idea that natural processes have always been going on |
| Define 'Nebular Hypothesis'. | The idea that the solar system was created by gravity and a swirling ball of gas and dust |
| Explain 'Planetary Accretion'. | Cooling of gas allowed solids to form (4.5Ba) Impacts and radioactive decay produced heat and solids liquefied. Density stratification lead to the Earth's layers. |
| What defines the COMPOSITIONAL layers of the Earth? List and describe them. | Defined by chemistry. Crust: 8-45km, (O, Si, Al) Mantle: 45-2900km (O, Si, Mg) Outer Core: (Mostly Fe, a little O, Ni, and S) Inner Core: (Mostly Fe, a little Ni) |
| What defines the PHYSICAL layers of the Earth? List and describe them. | Defined by mechanical strength. Lithosphere: 100km, (crust and upper mantle) strong/brittle Asthenosphere: 100-350km ductile/plastic Mesosphere(Deep Mantle): 350-2900km Outer Core: liquid shell, molten iron Inner Core: solid iron |
| Define 'Catastrophism'. | An idea during 1600-1700s that the Earth's features were created by a few great natural disasters. |
| Define 'Density Stratification'. Give an example. | Denser elements 'sink' while less dense elements 'float'. The compositional layers of the Earth are an example of density stratification. |
| Compare the different types of crust. | Continental crust is less dense than Oceanic crust and has a tendency to 'float' higher - thus oceanic crust sinks during plate collisions. |
| Briefly define 'Plate Tectonics'. | The theory that the Earth's Lithosphere is a puzzle of plates that are in motion. This is the cause for the creation of geological features and seismic activity. |
| Explain the process of 'convection' with respect to the Earth's layers. | Hot, low-density materials move upward in the Asthenosphere/Mantle, displacing higher density material downward. This creates a circular motion and causes movement in tectonic plates. |
| What are the 3 types of plate boundaries? What are the geological features found on these boundaries? | Convergent - move together (O/C) Volcanic belt (O/O) Sea trench (Cont/Cont) high mountains Divergent - move away, new lithosphere created (Ocn/Ocn) sea floor spreading (Cont/Cont) rift valleys Transform - plates grind sideways (earthquake |
| Define 'atoms' and list the parts that make up an 'atom'. | The building blocks of matter. Protons (P+) Neutrons (n0) Electrons (e-) |
| Explain how you find the 'Atomic Number' and 'Atomic Mass'. | Atomic Number = P Atomic Mass = P + N |
| Define an 'element'. | A substance comprised of only one type of atom. |
| Briefly discuss the different types of bonding. | Ionic - element steals electron(s) from another element Covalent - elements share election(s) Metallic - elements share lower shell level electron(s) Van der Wall - weak ionic bonding |
| Contrast a 'cation' from am 'anion'. | Cation - donates electron, positively charged ion Anion - gains electron, negatively charged ion |
| Define a 'mineral'. | A naturally occurring, generally inorganic, solid crystalline substance, possessing a set chemical composition. |
| List the different ways to identify a mineral. | Color Streak (color when powdered) Hardness (resistance to scratching) 1-10 Luster (shinyness) Taste Smell Effervescence (reacts w/ HCl) Magnetic Specific Gravity (density) Striations Crystal Structure / growth pattern Breakage Pattern (fractur |
| Explain the magnetic anomalies in certain parts of the ocean. | Seafloor spreading creates new oceanic crust and as it is created, it "records" the magnetic polarity. The Earth's magnetic field reverses over intervals of hundreds of thousands of years. Over time, bands of crust with opposing polarities are created. |
| Define 'tetrahedron'. | 1 silicon atom, si4(4+) and 4 oxygen O2(2-) Form a 3d triangle. |
| List the common groups of minerals. | Silicates - SiO4(4-) Carbonates - CO3(2-) Phosphates - PO4(3-) Sulfates - SO4(2-) gypsum Sulfides - S-bearing metals Oxides - O(2-) and metal cations Hydroxides - OH(-) Halides - Cl(-) anion Native Elements - one atom type only |
| List the types of silicates. | Island Silicates (ocean floor rocks) ex: garnet Chain Silicates (single or double, share two O2) Sheet Silicates (share three O2 - results in cleavage planes) Framework Silicates (all O2 shared) ex: quartz |
| Describe 'carbonate minerals'. | Important for invertebrate shells. Will effervesce when HCl is added. |
| Describe 'phosphate minerals' examples. | Found in teeth, bones, fertilizer. |
| Describe 'sulfide minerals'. | S-bearing minerals. Mined for metal content. |
| Describe 'sulfate minerals'. | gypsum, used for drywall and plaster of paris |
| How can we use minerals to predict past geological events? | Minerals only form under certain T/P conditions. |
| Define 'rock'. | A non-living substance comprised of 1 or more minerals and possibly other materials |
| List the three types of rocks and the processes that form them. | Igneous (solidification of magma or lava) Sedimentary (deposition, burial, lithification) Metamorphic (recrystallization of solid rocks from high T/P) |
| Define 'magma'. | Liquid rock under the ground |
| Why does magma or melted rock rise towards the earth's surface? | Magma is less dense than surrounding rock, so it rises up due to pressure |
| Contrast the types of igneous rock. | Intrusive - magma intrudes solid rock and cools slowly, leading to larger crystals Extrusive - magma cools quickly after erupting and forms tiny crystals |
| Contrast the types of sediments that create sedimentary rock. | Siliciclastic sediment- physically deposited particles Chemical and biochemical sediment - formed by dissolving minerals from precipitation |
| Define 'weathering'. | The breakdown of rocks into sediment |
| Define 'erosion'. | The transport of sediment |
| Define 'Lithification'. | Loose sediment is buried and the pressure creates solid sedimentary rock. |
| How can lithification lead to metamorphic rock? | If T/P changes are great enough, mineral stability is altered and old minerals breakdown while new minerals form |
| Draw the ENTIRE rock cycle. | .... |
| Draw the ENTIRE rock cycle (again!) | .... |
| Define 'volcano'. | A vent through which magma and associated gases and solids escapes to the surface |
| Compare the types of lava. | Basaltic = 50% silica (most common, 80%), hottest (>1000°C) Andesitic = 60% silica Rhyolitic = 70% silica, coolest (600-800 °C) |
| Define 'Partial Freezing'. | Different minerals crystallize at diff. temperatures. |
| Define 'Fractional Crystallization'. | Related to magma freezing. Some minerals crystallize while others, with diff composition don't |
| Draw 'Bowen’s Reaction Series'. | .... |
| List volcano types and how they are catagorizes. | Based on what type of material erupts Shield - low domes, basaltic magma, non-explosive eruptions Cinder cone- lots of pyroclastic material. often form on the flanks of other volcanoes Stratocone - pyroclasts + lava. Tall & steep Supervolcano - |
| Compare/contrast: Crater vs Caldera. | Crater - Vent for gases & other materials Caldera - Several k wide, Form by collapse following eruption |
| What is a hot spot? | A mantle plume that creates volcanos as the lithoshpere moves over the plume. |
| Draw Bowen's Reaction Series. What does this show? | Tells us the general T/P in which the rock was formed. |
| Define 'Mass Wasting'. | The transport of sediment & assoc materials downhill via gravity |
| Define 'Diagenesis'. | All the changes that occur during burial and lithification |
| Define 'compaction' and 'cementation'. | compaction - sediments are squezzed together by weight cementation - during compaction, porewater is squeezed out and dissolved minerals can act like glue |
| List and define the types of sediments. Give 3 examples of each. | Clastic - product of mechanical breakdown(conglomerate,sandstone,shale) Chemical - no-mechanical, from evaporation or precipitation (rock salt, rock gypsum, chert) Biogenic - produced by plant and animal activity (limestone, chalk, peat) |
Created by:
ksimpson
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