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Reproductive
First Aid: Reproductive
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the venous drainage for the testis and ovaries? | Right gonadal vein drains into IVC and left drains into left renal vein (much like the right and left adrenals) |
| This ligament contains the ovarian vessels | Suspensory ligament of ovaries |
| This ligament contains the uterine vessels. | Transverse cervical (cardinal) ligament |
| This ligament contains the ovaries and the uterine tubes. | Broad ligament |
| What is the autonomic innervation of the male sexual response? | Point and Shoot!; erection is Parasympathetic, emission is Sympathetic |
| What are the stages of spermatogenesis, and what are the chromosomal makeup? | Spermatogonium (diploid, 2N)--> Mitosis --> 1 spermatocyte (diploid, 4N) --> Meiosis 1 --> 2 spermatocyte (haploid, 2N) --> Meiosis 2 --> spermatid (haploid, 1N) |
| These cells are stimulated by LH and release testosterone. | Leydig cells |
| These cells are stimulated by FSH and release ABP and inhibin. | Sertoli cells |
| What is the function of androgen binding protein (ABP)? | Ensure testosterone is high in semineferous tubule |
| What is the function of inhibin? | Inhibits FSH release from anterior pituitary |
| This enzyme converts testosterone to DHT, a more potent form. | 5alpha reductase; this enzyme is inhibited by finasteride used to treat BPH |
| This substance is involved in differentiation of the wolffian duct system into internal gonadal structures. | Androgens |
| Where is testosterone and androstenedione converted into estrogen? | In adipose tissue of both men and women and in granulosa cells of ovarian follicles. |
| This hormone stimulates growth of the follicle, endometrial proliferation, and triggers the LH surge for ovulation. | estrogen |
| This hormone is produced in the corpus luteum and functions to stimulate endometrial secretion and spiral artery development. | Progesterone |
| This hormone inhibits LH and FSH secretion. | Progesterone |
| This enzyme converts cholesterol to androstenedione in theca cells and is activated by LH. | Desmolase |
| Oocytes are arrested in this phase of meiosis I for years until ovulation. | Prophase |
| Oocytes are arrested in this phase of meiosis II until the are fertilized. | Metaphase |
| This hormone is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast of placenta, and maintains the corpus luteum until the placenta synthesizes its own estrogen and progesterone. | hCG |
| What are the symptoms of menopause? | HAVOC; Hot flashes, Atrophy of the Vagina, Osteoporosis, Coronary artery disease |
| What hormonal changes occur after menopause? | Decreased estrogen, Markedly Increased FSH, increased LH (no surge), increased GNRH |
| Why is there an increased incidence of coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women? | Because estrogen increases HDL and reduces LDL |
| Incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts can result in this abnormality leading to infertility. | Bicornuate uterus |
| Abnormal opening of urethra on inferior side of penis is caused by what failure? | Failure of the urethral folds to close; Hypospadias |
| Abnormal opening of urethra on superior side of penis is due to what failure? | Faulty positioning of genital tubercle; epispadias |
| Testicular atrophy, tall, long extremities, and gynecomastia. Diagnosis and genotype? | Klinefelter's syndrome; XXY |
| In Klinefelter's syndrome, dysgenesis of seminiferous tubules has what effect on inhibin and FSH? | Leads to reduced inhibin which leads to increased FSH |
| In Klinefelter's syndrome, abnormal leydig cells have what effect on testosterone, LH, and estrogen? | Abnormal leydig cells leads to reduced testosterone --> increased LH --> increased estrogen |
| Short stature, ovarian dysgenesis (streak ovary), webbed neck. Diagnosis and genotype? | Turner's syndrome; XO |
| Very tall male, severe acne, antisocial behavior. Diagnosis and genotype? | Double Y males; XYY |
| Excessive and inappropriate exposure to androgenic steroids during early gestation will result in what condition? | Female pseudohermaphrodite |
| Defect in androgen receptor would result in what syndrome? | Androgen insensitivity syndrome; phenotypical female w/out uterus or uterine tubes (testes often in labia majora) |
| This deficiency results in ambiguous genitalia until puberty when increased testosterone causes masculinization. | 5alpha reductase deficiency |
| Short stature, ovarian dysgenesis (streak ovary), webbed neck. Diagnosis and genotype? | Turner's syndrome; XO |
| Very tall male, severe acne, antisocial behavior. Diagnosis and genotype? | Double Y males; XYY |
| Excessive and inappropriate exposure to androgenic steroids during early gestation will result in what condition? | Female pseudohermaphrodite |
| Defect in androgen receptor would result in what syndrome? | Androgen insensitivity syndrome; phenotypical female w/out uterus or uterine tubes (testes often in labia majora) |
| This deficiency results in ambiguous genitalia until puberty when increased testosterone causes masculinization. | 5alpha reductase deficiency |
| Pregnant presents with hypertension, proteinuria, and edema. Diagnosis? | Pre-eclampsia |
| What is the difference between pre-eclampsia and eclampsia? | pre-eclampsia is the triad of hypertension, proteinuria, and edema; eclampsia is the addition of seizures to these symptoms |
| What is the treatment of eclampsia? | IV magnesium sulfate and diazepam |
| What is the key clinical feature distinguishing placenta previa from placenta abruptio? | Both present with vaginal bleeding, however, usually painful with abruptio, and painless with previa |
| What is placenta accreta? | Attachment of the placenta directly to myometrium; predisposed by prior C-section or inflammation |
| This condition is often esophageal/duodenal atresia causing inability to swallow amniotic fluid. | polyhydramnios; also associated with anencephaly |
| Condition associated with renal agenesis and often leads to pulmonary hypoplasia | Oligohydramnios; Potter's syndrome |
| Disordered epithelial growth on pap smear with epithelial cells with enlarged nuclei and cytoplasmic clearing. Diagnosis? | Koilocytes; carcinoma in situ which can progress to invasive carcinoma |
| These variants of HPV are associated with cervical carcinoma. | HPV 16 & 18 |
| Endometrial glands in abnormal locations outside the uterus. | Endometriosis |
| This syndrome usually precedes endometrial carcinoma. | Endometrial hyperplasia |
| Multiple well demarcated benign tumors of smooth muscle in uterus. Estrogen sensitive. | Leiomyoma; increased incidence in african americans |
| Bulky irregularly shaped tumor with necrosis and hemorrhage | Leiomyosarcoma; not associated with leiomyoma |
| Patient presents with amenorrhea, obesity, and hirsutism. Diagnosis? | Polycystic ovarian syndrome |
| What condition is associated with chocolate cysts? | blood containing cysts from ovarian endometriosis |
| This germ cell tumor is associated with large hyperchromatic syncytiotrophoblastic cells that produce hCG. | Choriocarcinoma |
| Equivalent to male seminoma. | Dysgerminoma |
| Ovarian malignancy associated with increased AFP | Yolk sac tumor |
| This is tumor is most often benign in women but malignant in men. | Mature teratoma |
| Ovarian tumor that resembles bladder epithelium. | Brenner tumor |
| Ovarian tumor consisting of bundles of spindle shaped fibroblast | Ovarian fibroma |
| Small, mobile, firm breast mass common in women under 25. | Fibroadenoma |
| Tumor of lactiferous ducts usually presenting with serous or bloody nipple discharge. | Intraductal papilloma |
| Large, bulky mass of connective tissue and cysts with leaflike projections. Often benign but may be malignant. | Cystosarcoma phyllodes |
| The single most important prognostic factor in breast malignancies. | Lymph node involvement |
| Early breast malignancy without basement membrane penetration. | Ductal carcinoma in situ |
| Firm, fibrous malignancy associated with worst prognosis. | Invasive ductal carcinoma |
| Eczematous patches on nipple which suggest underlying carcinoma. | Paget's disease of the breast |
| Diffuse breast pain and multiple lesions, often bilateral. | Fibrocystic disease |
| Breast abscess, most commonly caused by staph aureus. | Acute mastitis |
| Dysuria, frequency, urgency, lower back pain, in men. Often caused by bacteria when acute. | Prostatitis |
| Sensitization of the prostate to the growth-promoting effects of DHT, associated with increased free PSA. | BPH; |
| Associated with enlargement of the posterior lobe producing a hard nodule on digital rectal exam. | Prostatic carcinoma; increase in total PSA, but decreased fraction of free PSA |
| This is often elevated in osteoblastic metastasis of prostatic carcinoma. | serum alkaline phosphatase |
| Undescended testis. | Cryptorchidism |
| Painless testicular enlargement commonly affecting males age 15-35. | Seminoma |
| Painful testicular malignancy with poor prognosis. | Embryonal carcinoma |
| Non-germ cell tumor associated with gynecomastia in men and precocious puberty in boys. | Leydig cell tumor |
| Carcinoma in situ characterized by solitary crusty plaque, usually on the shaft of the penis or on the scrotum which. | Bowen disease |
| Carcinoma in situ characterized by red velvety plaques usually involving the glans. | Erythroplasia of Queyrat |
| 5alpha reductase inhibitor | Finasteride; treats BPH |
| Nonsterooidal competitive inhibitor of the androgens at the testosterone receptor. | Flutamide; treats prostate carcinoma |
| Steroid synthesis inhibitor used to treat PCOS. | Ketoconazole |
| GnRH analog with agonist properties when used in pulsatile fashion, antagonist when continuous. | Leuprolide; treats infertility (pulsatile), prostate cancer (continuous), uterine fibroids |
| cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor | Sildenafil; treats erectile dysfunction |
| Partial agonist at estrogen receptor preventing inhibition of LH and FSH from pituitary. | Clomiphene; infertility |
| Competitive inhibitor of progestrins at progesterone receptor used prevent implantation. | Mifepristone |
| Do oral contraceptives increase or decrease risk for endometrial and ovarian cancer? | decrease risk |
Created by:
rahjohnson
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