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AP Bio Chapter 20

WordDefinition
recombinant DNA DNA in which genesfrom two different sources are linked
genetic engineering the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
biotechnology the manipulation of organisms or their components to perform practical tasks or provide useful products
gene cloning well defined gene-sized pieces of DNA in multiple identical copies
restrictive enzymes protect bacteria from intruding DNA from other organisms, they cut out foreign sequences
restriction site a recognition DNA sequence
restriction fragments the cut pieces of DNA molecules that are reproducible
sticky end double stranded DNA fragments with at least one single stranded end
DNA ligase an enzyme which seals the strands by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds
cloning vector the original plasmid containing DNA molecules that can carry foreign DNA into a cell and replicate there
nucleic acid bybridization the base pairing between the gene and a complimentary sequence on another nucleid acid molecule
nucleic acid probe the complimentary molecule, a short single stranded nucleic acid that can be either RNA or DNA
denaturation the separation of the two strands
expression vector a cloning vector that contains the requisite prokaryotic promoter just upstream of a restriction site where the eukaryotic gene can be inserted
complementary DNA or cDNA DNA transcripts of RNA which codes for a gene but no introns
artificial chromosomes combine the essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome
electroporation when a brief electrical pulse is applied to a solution containing cells to create temporary holes to allow DNA to enter
genomic library the complete set of thousands of recombinant plasmid clones each carrying copies of a particular segment from the initial genome
cDNA library only part of a cell's genome-only the genew that were transcribed in the starting cells
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) a technique by which any piece of DNA can quickly be amplified without usuing cells
gel electrophoresis separates macro molecules on the basis of size, electrical charge, and other physical properties
Southern Blotting reveals not only whether a particular sequence s present in a sample of DNA but also the restriction fragments that contain the sequence
restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) can serve as a genetic marker for a particular locus in the genome, detected by Southern Blotting
in situ hybridization a radioactive probe is allowed to base pair with complimentary sequences in the denatured
Human Genome Project this is an international effort to map the entire human genome, ultimately determining the complete nucleiotide sequences of the DNA of each human chromosome
chromosome walking this is where a probe scans the nucleotides and finds the overlapping ends
DNA microarrary assays the method of detecting and measuring the expressions of thousands of genes at one time
in vitro mutagenesis a technique that can be used to introduce specific changes into the sequenced of a cloned gene
genomics the study of genomes and genes based on DNA sequencing
antisense nucleic acid single stranded molecules of DNA or RNA that have been constructed explicity to base-pair with mRNA molecules and block their translation
vaccine a harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates the immune system to fight the pathogen
DNA finger print specific pattern of bands, that is of forensic use
simple tandem repeats (STRs) polymorphic genetic loci
transgenic organisms organisms that contain genes from another species that have been developed for potential agricultural use
Ti plasmid (T DNA) integrates a segment of its DNA into the chromosomal DNA of its host cell plants.
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