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Comparative Anatomy
Cat Appendicular, Axial, and Skull Skeleton
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neural Arch | The dorsal part of the vertebrae forming the dorsal roof of the neural canal |
| Neural Canal | Opening running through the vertebrae where the spinal cord is |
| Transverse Process | processes on either lateral side of the vertebrae where muscles attach |
| Articular Facets | Where the vertebrae articulate with one another |
| Atlas | The very first cervical vertebrae, articulating with the skull - missing the centrum, the neural spine, rib demifaucets |
| Centrum | Depression ventral to the neural canal |
| Neural Spine | Projection off of the neural arch |
| Odontoid Process | Posterior projection off the axis vertebrae |
| Axis | Second cervical vertebrae, articulating with the atlas |
| Cervical Vertebrae | Vertebrae extending from the atlas and axis at the skull to the pectoral girdle and the beginning of the thoracic vertebrae |
| Demifacets | Found in the thoracic vertebrae |
| Thoracic Vertebrae | Vertebrae extending from the pectoral girdle where they articulate with the cervical vertebrae to the lumbar vertebrae, which lack the large neural spines |
| Lumbar Vertebrae | Vertebrae extending from the thoracic vertebrae to the pelvic girdle and the sacrum |
| Caudal Vertebrae | Vertebrae extending from the sacrum in the pelvic girdle to the end |
| Ribs | Projections off the thoracic vertebrae that extend ventrally and meet on the ventral midline of the body |
| Sacrum | Singular bone of fused vertebrae creating the support for the pelvic girdle |
| Sternabrae | The modified bones that make up the body of the sternum |
| Manubrium | Anterior portion of the sternum that is slightly keeled |
| Xiphisternum | Posterior portion of the sternum that hosts a cartilaginous projection |
| Premaxilla | Anterior most bone of the skull |
| Frontal | dorsal bone of the skull extending from the nasal plates, in between the orbits, to the parietal bone |
| Maxilla | Bone of skull lateral to the premaxilla and the nasal plates |
| Palatine Process of Maxilla | The ventral part of the maxilla bone on the ventral part of the skull |
| Parietal | Dorsal, but posterior bone of the skull that is posterior to the frontal bone but dorsal to the occipital condyle |
| External Nares | Anterior most opening, dorsal to the premaxilla |
| Zygomatic Arch | Projection beginning off the maxilla that extends back to the parietal bone laterally, enclosing the orbit laterally |
| Jugal | Projection off the zygomatic arch that extends dorsally to enclose the orbit |
| Nasal | Bones dorsal to the premaxilla, posterior to the external nares |
| Temporal Bone | Lateral bones, lateral and ventral to the parietal bones |
| Temporal Fenestra | Opening posterior to the orbital, enclosed by the zygomatic arch |
| Lacrimal | Small lateral bone at the anterior end of the orbital |
| Tympanic Bulla | Large, posterior projections on the ventral side of the skull |
| Palatine | Posterior to the palatine process of the maxilla, ventral side of the skull |
| External Auditory Meatus | Lateral, but posteriorly positioned opening just dorsal to the tympanic bulla |
| Occipital | Bone on the posterior wall of the skull |
| Occipital Condyle | Projections off the occipital on the posterior wall of the skull |
| Presphenoid | Most medial bone on the ventral side of the skull, between the orbitals |
| Basisphenoid | Medial bone that is posterior to the presphenoid |
| Dentary | Main bone of the mandible |
| Intermandibular Symphysis | The connection, medially, in the mandible where the dentary bones meet |
| Coronoid Process | Most dorsal projection of the dentary, posterior positioning, to articulate the manidble with the skull |
| Angular Process | Most posterior projection of the dentary, in a ventral position |
| Condyloid Process | Process off the dentary ventral to the coronoid process but dorsal to the angular process that extends medially |
| Mandibular Foramen | The medial view of the dentary, posterior canal |
| Mental Foramina | Lateral view of the dentary, anterior canals ventral and posterior to canines |
| Body of Hyoid | Basihoid, connects all the hyoid projections |
| Anterior Process of the Hyoid | Ceratoid, epihoid, and stylohoid - anterior projection from the basihyoid of hyoid |
| Posterior Process of the Hyoid | Thyrohoid, posterior process |
| Incisor | Anterior most teeth |
| Canine | Large teeth just posterior to the incisors |
| Premolar | Flat teeth just posterior to the canines - very small |
| Molar | Flat, large teeth just posterior to the premolars |
| Clavicle | Very small bones posterior to the pectoral girdle |
| Glenoid Fossa | Medial view of the scapula, the very ventral portion, anteriorly positioned |
| Coracoid Process | Medial view of the scapula, the very ventral portion, extending ventral and posteriorly |
| Subscapular Fossa | Medial view of the scapula, extending from dorsal to ventral depression |
| Spine | Lateral view, projection extending from dorsal to ventral |
| Supraspinous Fossa | Portion of the lateral view of the scapula, dorsal to the spine |
| Infraspinous Fossa | Portion of the lateral view of the scapula, ventral to the spine |
| Head of Humerus | Medial most part of the humerus, less separation between processes than the distal end |
| Olecranon Fossa | The depression on the posterior, distal side of the humerus |
| Greater Tuberosities | The larger part of the head of the humerus |
| Lesser Tuberosities | The smaller part of the head of the humerus |
| Medial Epicondyles | The larger of the two distal projections of the humerus |
| Lateral Epicondyles | The smaller of the two distal projections of the humerus |
| Ulna | Articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus |
| Olecranon Process | The medial end of the ulna projection |
| Semilunar Notch | A half circular notch on the medial end of the ulna that articulates with the humerus' olecranon fossa |
| Styloid Process of Ulna | A thin, pointed process off the distal end of the ulna |
| Radius | The forelimb bone that does not articulate with the humerus |
| Head of Radius | The smaller, medial end of the radius |
| Styloid Process of Radius | A short, small projection off the distal end of the radius |
| Carpals | |
| Metacarpals | |
| Phalanges | |
| Pubis | The anterior, ventral part of the innominate bone |
| Ischium Tuberosity | The posterior projection of the innominate bone |
| Ischial Tuberosity | |
| Ilium | Dorsal projection of the innominate bone |
| Pubic Symphysis | The medial connection between the pubis bones of the innominate bone |
| Obturator Foramen | The large opening in the innominate bone |
| Acetabulum | The depression on the lateral side of the innominate bone that articulates with the femur |
| Head of Femur | Medial part of the femur that articulates with the innominate bone |
| Neck of Femur | Part of the medial femur that articulates the head of the femur to the body |
| Greater Trochanter of Femur | The dorsal projection off the medial end of the femur, lateral from the head |
| Medial Condyle of Femur | The distal end of the femur the medial projection |
| Lateral Condyle of Femur | The distal end of the femur the lateral projection |
| Patella | The anterior projection from the distal end of the femur |
| Tibia | The largest hindlimb bone articulating with the femur |
| Tibial Crest | The anterior view of the tibia, crest from medial to distal |
| Tibial Tuberosity | The anterior most projection off the head of the tibia |
| Medial Malleolus | Projection off the distal end of the tibia |
| Fibula | Smaller hind limb bone |
| Head of Fibula | Medial end of the fibula that articulates with the tibia |
| Lateral Malleolus | Projection off the distal end of the fibula |
| Calcaneus | The posterior most projection of the foot |
| Talus | The bone articulating with the tibia, the ankle |
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